Relationship Between Public and Private Police Essay

Relationship between Public and Private Police By: Marsha Dailey Axia College at University of Phoenix Many years ago the public police were those who were responsible for keeping the peace, and making sure that society was kept safe within the jurisdiction that they patrol. Private security at one time was not very popular because of the cost that a company or citizen would have to pay, and many years ago many people could not afford to have private security watch the properties or companies. Today private security and public police can be found working together to keep society safe. These two types of security can be found at numerous places such as school events, sporting events, and stores. Most of the security officers who†¦show more content†¦Private security officers can typically perform a negative act without any consequence. Usually a private security officer can usually pass his or her mistake onto the company that he or she works for because of a technicality within the policy and procedures. Private security is utilized more often in the last 10 years or so than it once was. Today most celebrities, politicians, and executives of major companies have private security hired as body guards, and this can be because public security is not available at all times and cannot accommodate the needs of the customers. Businesses and private home owners have also moved away from the public officers to private security to protect them and their assets. Private security officers can also been seen protecting malls, airports, and even casinos. The relationship between the private security industry and public police officers has started to become more positive. The politicians within the communities that have more private security hired has begun to understand the importance of having private security work alongside police officers. The need for more police officers to patrol and protect society is not feasible because of the lack of funding that cities receive. Communities are always safer when there is more security protecting whether it is by public pol ice officers, private security, or a mixture of both. People of the communities have begun to realize thatShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Private and Public Police919 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship Between Private and Public Police CJS 250 July 25, 2010 Relationship between Private and Public Police Private police and public police are important to society. Both are necessary to the protection of society, whether it is protecting one’s business and personnel or it is protecting one from personal harm. Both are responsible for crime deterrence. The relationship between private and public police is one that has been debated for many years. In some views the relationshipRead MoreRelationship Between Public and Private Police1028 Words   |  5 PagesRelationship between Private and Public Police The relationship between public and private police has always been a one that is on the outskirts of each other. There is a thin line between what a private officer can and cannot do when it comes to enforcing the laws and rules on a property, there comes a point where they need the assistance of public officers who have the training and legal authority to handle a certain individual or situation. Although many of the individuals in the private sectorRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security1652 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security ASJ-502 February 6, 2012 Abstract This paper explores the similarities and differences of public police and private security throughout history. How the criminal justice system and public police and private security are linked to each other. The essential policies that have been developed and how these police have assisted in the cooperation between police and private security. Finally, the need for a comprehensive securityRead MorePublic Policing vs Private Security Comparison Essay examples1223 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities between the two roles? In the field of policing there are a couple different paths for an individual to choose from and they include private security and public policing. State government, city government, and towns normally provide the community with a public police force to enforce the laws and protect the citizens. Police officers are very important within a community but sometimes a private security can come in and help out and this frees up time for the public policing. Private securityRead MorePublic Policing Versus Private Security1347 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Policing Versus Private Security Kayla Cook CJA/500 November 8, 2009 Mrs. Jancie Graham Abstract Public policing and private security have several distinct differences. Public policing is the ability to enforce the law and maintain order in society. Private securities are paid agencies that perform the protective and loss-prevention duties not handled by police officers. Yet public policing and private security offers the same services and duties. These services and dutiesRead MoreEssay on Public Policing Versus Private Security1451 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Policing Versus Private Security Peter g. CJA/500 January 30, 2011 Patrick Cote Public Policing Versus Private Security The existence of security in the world brought happiness to mankind because men choose pleasure over pain (Ortmeier, 2008, p. 4.).However, without some measures of security man would not live in peace and the war of all against all (crime) would inundate the entire world. Public policing and private security haveRead MorePublic vs. Private Policing1695 Words   |  7 PagesPublic versus Private Policing CJA 500 April 19, 2010 Chris Bragg Public versus Private Policing In recent years, both the numbers of police officers in the United States has been declining. However, the rates for many white-collar crimes, such as computer crimes, employee theft, and fraud, are increasing. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend in private policing in the United States. Public and private policing have many similaritiesRead MoreDefence Policy And Military Strategy1134 Words   |  5 Pagesprior to the release of the CSS, the question of funding becomes unavoidable. Both the Armed forces and the police budgets were cut during the coalition government budget statement. And new ways of doing defence and policing. Amid the reduced budget, the MoD will follow the route of research and development to develop to test and evaluate their cyber-warfare capabilities leaving the Police force lagging behind due to the organisational structure. From 2011 to 2015, the Armed forces have undergoneRead MoreEssay The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law639 Words   |  3 Pagesis dealing with something of public awareness. For instance, the public has awareness in seeing that people are protected from being robbed or assaulted. These are legal problems that fall into the criminal law. Criminal law involves punishing and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting the public. Since the public has an interest in having criminal law, we give the government the power to put it in place and enforce it. The police and Crown Prosecutors are hired byRead MoreThe Role Of The Community900 Words   |  4 Pagestrusting community-police relationships (p. ix). Hence, the priority goal as a law enforcement personnel or any branch of government is to protect, educate, and advocate with the community with can changes that occur or make recommendations to the public. There are my challenges and process that go hand to hand when implementing new goals or ways to change the public perspectives. As public servants, it is imperative that law enforcement personnel â€Å"[e]ducate the community about police practices† and

How Up A Google Personal Profile - 1053 Words

How to set up a Google Plus personal profile SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING How to set up a Google Plus personal profile from Wordtracker, the leading keyword research tools Ready to get started with Google+? The following guide by blogging expert Kristi Hines will help you set up your Google+ personal profile. Signing up To begin creating your Google+ account, sign in with your Google Account on the Google+ Start Page If you don t have a Google Account, you will be directed to create one first. Before you sign up (if you haven t already), here are a few things to keep in mind. You want to link your Google+ personal profile to the Google Account you use the most in your personal life. That way you have one login for your YouTube, Gmail, Calendar, Docs, and Google+ profile. This will also mean that you can receive your Google+ notifications while logged in to these other Google applications as well. On the flip side, what you don t want to do is use a Google Account that is not permanently or 100% completely yours. If you have a Google Account for your business, for example, you might not want to use that if others have to access that Google Account as well. Or if you have a Google Account that will go away once you leave your job because it is linked to a corporate email address, you will not want to use that either. Creating Your Profile The first step to creating your Google+ profile will be to add your profile photo. Be sure to use the same image that you use elsewhere onShow MoreRelatedHow Do Search Engines Work?1125 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple online platforms, resulting in personal information being able to be accessed by the public on websites such as Google. This report will identify the issues that can occur, implications and strategies for solving these issues. How And Why This Happens: how do search engines work Google and the internet work together to generate links in the Google search engine so that people are able to access and find what they are looking for more easily. However, Google itself does not have the power toRead MoreQuestions On Ethical Issues Investigation909 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly James broke the law. Personal calls can be attended only in the break timings which the rule clearly states. As the rule is clear and Kate Essex should follow the guidelines of the companies rule and inform the higher officials whom so ever it may be concerned. 2. What, if any, ethical principles help guide decision making in this situation? The problem aroused when john attended a personal call about his sick child in the working hours where john is aware that personal calls shouldn’t be attendedRead MoreUsing The Internet For Social Purposes1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmyself, post personal content on social media. The terminology ‘personal content’ can mean many things such as posting a personal address or telephone number online, to even posting about ‘deep’, personal issues that should essentially be written in a diary. I have been using the internet for social purposes since I was in elementary school, when I received my first desktop on my eighth birthday. I am quite lucky that I have never been exposed or exploited online due to the fact how dangerous andRead MoreEssay about Googles Mission and Values, an Analysis1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Google is a 21st century company even though it was founded in 1998 with a simple mission statement; Google’s mission is to organize the world‘s information and make it universally accessible and useful (Google Inc, Quick Profile, 2010,  ¶ 1). Google has one vision: to accomplish it mission by providing the best web based services to its end users. According to the Google on its corporate website, there are ten things they (Google) know to be true that are the keys to their successRead MoreWhy The Online Reputation Management Industry1621 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket is getting smaller? Is the industry dying? Maybe people are losing the need to improve how they look online? When you zoom out to see the whole picture, however, nothing could be further from the truth. Just look at what’s happened in the past year: Europe enacted a controversial â€Å"Right to Be Forgotten† law, requiring that Google honor requests to remove results that damage a person’s personal life. In the short amount of time since going into effect, over a million links have been requestedRead MoreThe Exploration Of Privacy And Intimacy930 Words   |  4 Pages Google me! The exploration of privacy and intimacy in social media â€Å"Never put too much information online. You never know who will try to take advantage of it.† I must admit, my father’s word of advice sounds like a broken record repeating itself; expressing this to me so many times. Even though he is right. What I mean to say is that the advancement with Social Media over the years has been slowly (but surely) affecting us in real life. Considering the fact that companies and everyday people assessRead MoreHow Botox Is Not Just Good For Your Face But Now Figuratively Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesBotox is not just good for your face but now metaphorically, it can do wonders for your resume. When creating a LinkedIn digital profile, go beyond a resume facelift. Kill off the old hackneyed words and the outdated format. Turn your boring profile into a story about your personal brand. A LinkedIn profile is a companion to a paper resume. The profile contains the following sections: a summary, experience, volunteer work, publications, skills, expertise, education and recommendations and otherRead MoreA Brief Note On Social Media And Seo1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame more and more sophisticated in terms of delivering very accurate and personal results, the basic SEO signals were no longer enough. Social media however, specialises in the signals that search engines now crave; identity and relationships. There’s a huge amount of power when it comes to identity and relationships and the best way to describe it would be to compare it with everyday life. If a complete random stranger came up to you and told you that the new hybrid BMW i8 was amazing for twenty differentRead MoreAnalysis Of Jamie Oliver s Website Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmenu, works smoothly and only contains pictures with the title of the particular recipe. Another aspect of the focus on food is the fact that Oliver rarely appears within the page, even though the title of the page is his name and it represents his personal brand. The section â€Å"More to explore† partly contains videos, while another positive factor is that these do not start to play automatically. It may be a matter of taste, but auto-play videos are inconvenient for me, since the website then doesn’tRead MoreSocial Media s Eroding Our Privacy Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagessurveillance and social website such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, and YouTube are source of privacy invasion (Cole, 2015). Connecting to social website to communication with friends, family, and co-worker; sharing, updating news, and information which overcast privacy according to Cole, 2015. Many Americans became occupied to social media and forget to think about the important of confidentiality and privacy. Multiple surges website captured personal profile once information shared with the media. This informati on

Some Cat Saved Your Grandma Essay Example For Students

Some Cat Saved Your Grandma Essay Sydney RooneyMs. Beauchamp TeeseEnglish 10-316 March 2001Some Cat Saved Your GrandmaAnimal rights activists are constantly preaching about how doctors and scientists should give up testing on their cute furry little creatures because it not only causes the animal pain but also the activists pain. They just cant stand seeing Fido and Fluffy in such nauseating conditions and being injected several times until their body gives out, and they cant stand the sight or even hearing about the poor little Siamese kitten whos eyes are bloodshot with tests for makeup samples. These activists also believe that alternative methods of testing products are more productive than animal testing, and that the scientists who conduct the tests on the animals are vicious and care nothing towards animals. They are also known to believe that animal testing makes no contribution to society and that clean water and good sanitation, not vaccines and antibiotics, are the solutions to the worlds problems (ODonel l). Besides being utterly unreasonable with their myths of animal cruelty, animal rights activists are being perfectly hypocritical. If anyone has been hindered by a stroke, any head or spinal cord injuries, diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, or any type of surgery they have been helps by the results of animal testing. Without the help of animal testing Polio would still kill and cripple thousands of adults and children, doctors would not have chemotherapy to save children suffering from lymphocytic leukemia, 7,500 newborns would develop cerebral palsy, and smallpox would still be here to kill more than the two million it has already killed (Americans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Without). Picture a tall apartment building burning down in furious flames. You are the only person left alive in the still burning building, and you hear two cries for help. One is a pleading meow for safety of tiny pure black kitten, but the other is a desperate and loud scream calling, Help! Help! You can see that this cry comes from a small, skinny boy, no older than six, and he is shaking uncontrollably due to his server cerebral palsy condition. You are running out of time and can only save the life of either the kitten or the boy. Which would you choose?Its only natural to choose the boy over the kitten. Imagine telling this little boys mother and father about your striking decision and then telling them, but the kitten was so small and cute! I couldnt just leave it there! Sorry about your boy. The parents would be heartbroken. Not one single thing can replace a human life. Now imagine telling a small girl that you just did not have time to save her pet, but look what you did save, anot her child just like her. Then ask her what she would have felt like if you had left her for that cat. By hypotheticals as these we can begin to understand how human lives are more valuable then animal lives, and that without the advances doctors and scientists have made in through their quest in animal testing people of today would be malnourished, sick and diseased, and ultimately dead. Under one of Darwins theories, every population of species has a main goal of survival in any situation. First each population strives to survive against other species, but if they come to the realization that this objective is unattainable, they compete against other members of their own population. As humans we are lucky enough to not have to worry about competing against each other in order to stay alive, but we do have to fight tiny organisms that affect our body in disturbing manners. In order to survive we must use our minds to create vaccinations and antibiotics that allow us to live longer, healthier lives. Keeping with this theory, humans test their vaccinations on animals so that the human race does not put their own kind in jeopardy. Animals of different families are the solution to this epidemic. Scientists use animals to test what have come out to be cures and treatments for such diseases as smallpox, polio, and diabetes. If this kind of research continues to occur peopl e will no longer suffer from AIDS, malaria, and the common cold. Animal rights activists believe that there are other, safer, and more successful ways of testing research for the same diseases. They are told that these alternative methods of research testing are more efficient and effective than testing on animals People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives). This alternative method is known as tissue culture and is composed of monolayers of a precise type of cell and is grown in a culture medium. These monolayers of cells are unable to duplicate the interaction between different types of cell from other parts of the body, and consequently can not compare to animal research. Most scientists consider monolayers incredibly useful tools but they fail to be an alternative to animals (ODonell). Non-animal testing is significantly less expensive than regular animal testing, and animal rights literature often cites this as an advantage to alternative testing methods People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives). This is exactly true. Non-animal testing is cheaper, and is the only reason most people are switching to this method. In a life and death scenario cost is not an issue to be dealt with. Sometime paying more for what you get is the best thing you can do for your health. As of the year 2000, there are 34.3 million adults and children infected with the AIDS virus in the world. 24.7 million people in Africa alone (UnAIDS). Without the help of animal testing those numbers will climb. Animal research is needed to conquer medical problems of today, just as it has conquered the medical problems of the past. Alternative methods can not withstand this title because they do not carry the potential of effects on other parts of the body. Nothing compares to the use of whole organisms when dealing with serious viruses. Animal rights activists, such as those affiliated with PETA or ALF, often shield themselves under the false idea that world wide cl ean water and good sanitation will solve all medical problems. These elements are unquestionably incredibly important to the survival of humans, but only they will not fight off everything. An exceptional example of this can be seen in the 1940s and 1950s in the UK, where clean water and good sanitation were standard. Throughout these years there were many fatal causing diseases. By 1940 diphtheria, a highly infectious disease in children that carries, a false membrane in the passages of the upper respiratory system, (Encarta), was touching 500,000 people a year. Only through the development of a valuable vaccination, by way of animal testing, was the number decreased to zero (ODonell). Vaccines are cost-effective and valuable. They are the best solution to killing harmful diseases, but, as of today, they can only be prepared and administered by animal research. Police brutality EssayAnimal rights organizations have sabotaged property, thrown away vital medical research that could save their own lives someday, deceived people into giving them donations, and practically gone against their own views. Their credibility towards animal research is shot, and everyone should be informed about their illegal actions. Tom Regan, a professor at North Carolina State University and author of an animal rights activists book was asked, if you were aboard a lifeboat with a baby and a dog, and the boat capsized, would you save the baby or the dog? Regan replied, if it were a retarded baby, and a bright dog, Id save the dog, (9). People like Regan put animals on a more privileged moral plane than people and see more value in a pigs life than that of a diabetic human who relies on the pig for insulin to save his life. Despite the many clinical advances that have been made through the means of animal testing and the known fact that no alternative compares to that of animal testing, these people just do not understand that animal research has and will continue to save millions of lives. Ingrid Newkirk said that even if animal testing found a cure for AIDS, wed be against it, (Carnell). Even more famous and esteemed people such as Darwin believe in research by means of animal testing. Darwin is known for his book, Origin of Species. He knows that animals are a great benefit to mankind and that they are needed in order for our race to continue. In a letter to a Swedish professor in 1881 Darwin wrote, I know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind, (ODonell). Works CitedAmericans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Animal Rights Terrorists Target Medical Research Facilities. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.ampef.org/pdf/arterror.pdfAmericans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Without Animal Research. Online. Internet. 11 Mar. 2001. http://www.ampef.org/research.htmAnimal Rights Activist Arrested by FBI. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.nocompromise.org/news/001125a.html Carnell, Elisabeth. Animal Rights Groups Go Too Far. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.animalrights.net/ar001.h tml Encarta. Diphtheria. Online. Internet. 15 Mar. 2001. http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=02F27000 ODonell, Kevin. Animal Rights Myths. Online. Internet. 11 Mar. 2001. http://www.cix.co.uk/embra/armyths.html People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives: Testing Without Torture. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.peta_online.org/mc/facts/fsae8.htmlPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Animal Experimentation: Sadistic Scandal. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.peta_online.org/mc/facts/fsae1.htmlUnAIDS. Global Estimates of the HIV/AIDS Epidemics as of end of 1999. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.unaids.org/epidemic_update/report/glo_estim.pdf .

Quantitative Analysis an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Quantitative Analysis The problem statement for Franklin's study was: The factor of teacher preparation may not be the critical factor in the use of computers in the classroom, as other factors may take dominance. Franklin points to the importance of IT to be incorporated into all aspects of the curriculum for recent graduate teachers given that interactions with computers have been correlated with future pedagogy orientations. Evidently, to ensure the best preparation of future teachers for the elementary classroom it is necessary to identify factors which impact on their learning of classroom technology, and subsequent integration of computers into elementary curriculum. Need essay sample on "Quantitative Analysis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The purpose of Franklin's study was to survey North American recent graduate teachers to determine if four factors identified as supporting their use of computers were accurate; access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time. The research question for the study was two-fold: In what ways do elementary teachers use IT for delivery of curriculum? And: What variables influence their use of computers? It was expected that no significant relationship would exist between graduate computer use and the four factors (access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time). It was also anticipated that no significant relationship would exist between graduate perceptions of preparation to use computers and subsequent use of computers within the elementary classroom. The dependant variables in this study were the graduate responses on the survey for the four factors (access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time). The independent variables were naturally occurring individual differences as determined by the graduates' demographics (e.g., age and gender). The theory guiding this study was constructionist in orientation. For example, Franklin cites Becker (2000a) as concluding that those graduates' best prepared for use of computers advocated constructivist pedagogy. This is evident in that the interactive experience that computers contribute to learning enable practical application of knowledge in real-world situations in real-time; the emphasis on social learning through collaboration and negotiation; and teachers become facilitators not "experts" allowing students to take more responsibility for their learning and to discover for themselves the answers to problems (Richardson, 2003). The literature review was comprehensive in that it mentioned pertinent studies and University programs relevant to the aim of the study. Further, the review identified gaps in current knowledge (teacher preparation and other influencing factors have not been explicitly compared previously in the one study) and placed this study in the broader field of undergraduate teacher preparation. The references were up to date, concise and contributed to the reader understanding why Franklin chose the research questions and methodology that she did. The study design was a survey method providing a multivariate analysis, quantitative in nature (as responses to the four factors were predominantly scaled questions). This was an appropriate design as Franklin wanted to measure the perceptions of graduate teachers. Scale items allowed for identification of agreement or disagreement as well as strength of the response. At present, surveys are one of the most reliable ways to measure perceptions. Threats to internal validity include; the self-report nature of the survey, which allows for personal biases to influence responses; and the survey was self-constructed and so has not been tested with regard to its internal reliabilities such as through test-retest, split-half reliability or internal consistency. External threats to validity include; low power in that there was a small sample (n=68) that has meant low generalizability of the results; and that there was no random selection of participants, meaning that graduates who chose to respond to the mail-out may have characteristics that make them diametrically different to those who did not respond, and so skew the data. The sample of n = 68 was large enough to obtain descriptive information about graduate teachers perceptions and use of computers. The sample was representative in that only graduate teachers (from 2000-2002) who lived and studied in the USA were eligible to participate as they were "beginning teachers". As the graduates were geographically dispersed a mail-out survey best suited data collection, an email may have resulted in a smaller sample as not all graduates necessarily are teaching/have access to email. The extraneous variables for the study were; graduates who were not presently teaching (controlled by asking only those teaching now to fill in the survey); an existing small population (controlled by using mail-out and not email or pick up surveys); differences in interpreting the survey questions (controlled with a modified pre-test and interviews to determine ambiguities and misunderstandings in item wording). The survey instrument was constructed by Franklin specifically for this study. The reliability for the survey was justified by it being based on the validated instruments by Becker and Anderson (1998) and the NCES (2000). Both measures have been used extensively in education research across age groups. The instruments both measure teacher computer use which makes them highly relevant to informing this study. Data collection procedures were appropriate in that mail-out allowed access to a dispersed population, and allowed measurement of their demographic details and perceptions. As a mail-out the confidentiality and anonymity of the participant was maintained. However it is not made explicit if participant's informed consent was obtained, such as explaining that they could withdraw at any time without penalty and that their responses would be de-identified by use of a participant number. Data analysis procedures were adequate in that they were suited to the multi-variant nature of the data. As such, descriptives provided percentages of graduates who; returned their survey; were eligible to take part in the study; graduated across the time-frame to be eligible; were aligned with a particular pedagogy orientation; perceived that they were/were not prepared to use computers; and who were prepared as an undergraduate or through professional development. The parametric regression analysis allowed for analysis of the multivariate quantitative and qualitative variables. The factor analysis provided insight as to whether identified factors aligned with factors extracted from the actual data. These tests helped to answer the research questions as the descriptives explored if differences and different groups of graduates existed; and the multivariate tests informed on whether relationships actually existed amongst variables (factor analysis), and if any one factor could predic t use of computers in classrooms (regression analysis). The strength of Franklin's study is that she attempted to compare factors identified separately in previous literature as influencing graduate teacher use of computers in the classroom. Use of a survey was an ideal way to measure perceptions of graduates, and a mail-out ensured that as many of the population who were eligible to take part were reached as possible. A distinct limitation of this study is the low sample number, which skewed the data (as most of those contacted were not actually teaching) and meant that the assumptions for using higher order tests such as regression analysis and factor analysis were not adequately met. Hence, conclusions are tentative and not generalizable to a wider population. In conclusion, the results of this study are valid to the extent that they reflect what is happening for this particular sample of graduate teachers. As such, this sample appears to contain graduates with high levels of perceived preparation and who align themselves with constructivist pedagogy. In these respects, the results form the sample support the findings of prior research as identified in the literature review (c.f., Becker, 2000a, 2000b; Becker, Ravitz, & Wong, 1999). It meets the face validity test in that those prepared for use of computers would be expected to use them. References Becker H.J. (2000a) Findings from the teaching, learning and computing survey: Is Larry Cuban Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(51), 1-33. A critique of Larry Cuban's statement that the use of computers for delivery of curriculum and enhancement of student learning is not necessary, subsequently, there is no need to prepare teachers for use of computers. Becker questions Cuban's contention that computers are incompatible with teaching goals, and that increasing accountability on the part of teachers means that use of computers is not a priority within elementary classes. Becker states that Cuban's assumptions are more relevant to the 1980s classroom than curriculum delivery in the 21st century. He points to literature that supports teacher preparation in computer use to enabling better delivery of classroom materials and student engagement and application of knowledge. Becker, H.J. (2000b) Who's wired and who's not: Children's access to and use of computer technology. The Future of Children, 10(2), 31- This article looks at the increase of use of computers within the classroom and the continuing lack of infrastructure, integration of IT into the delivery of curriculum and enhancement of student learning. Drawing on data from his national 1998 "Teaching, Learning and Computing" study, Becker notes identifies teachers across elementary subjects who are more likely to use computers in the classroom. He also looks at the way s teachers use computers and how this influences student learning. Becker, H.J. & Anderson, R.E. (1998) Teaching, Learning and Computing: 1998 Survey: Teacher's Survey Booklet. Retrieved January 12, 2007. This booklet provides an introductory letter to school Principals about the aims of the national survey, how to administer the survey and contains the survey proper. Becker, H.J., Ravitz, L.J., & Wong, Y. (1999) Teacher and teacher directed student use of computers and software. The third report provided from the national 1998 TLC data. Explores how teachers, principals and school IT persons see teacher-directed student use of computers, access to computers in the classroom and the platforms predominantly used for student learning. Also the types of software used by teachers and their objectives for using these resources are discussed. The perceptions of teachers as to their level of expertise with computer use are also presented. It was concluded that teachers who perceive themselves to be most proficient at using computers are also those most likely to use computers in the classroom in a variety of ways, ranging from simple to complex activities. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (2000) Fast Response Survey System (FRSS). Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/frss/ An overview of when the test was established, where the questionnaire can be uploaded and an indication of the reliability and validity checks that have been done on the survey. Richardson, V. (2003) Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105(9), 16231640. This article provides a critical analysis of constructivist pedagogy, by exploring the history of the theory and its relationship to constructivist learning theory. Four areas of concern are identified for constructivist pedagogy and research and practice; 1) recommendation of research orientation toward student leaning in classrooms using constructivist pedagogy; 2) recommendations of areas that the theory that can be developed to provide insight and to characterize effective constructivist teaching; 3) deeper subject knowledge, skills and competencies needed by teachers of this paradigm; and 4) identifying barriers to elementary teachers in utilizing many subject matter areas.

Essay on Is Narcissism an Adequate Diagnosis

Essay on Is Narcissism an Adequate Diagnosis Essay on Is Narcissism an Adequate Diagnosis Is Narcissism an Adequate Diagnosis? Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a complicated and often misunderstood mental disorder. Narcissistic personality disorder is a psychological in which an individual shows and abnormal obsession with themselves. Narcissism can be easily confused with simple arrogance, but the disorder can range from obsession to a life-consuming neurotic compulsion. The individual suffering from Narcissistic Personality Disorder uses their extreme ego to cover their sense of inferiority, which is the real problem of narcissist; To make the matters worse, for patients suffering from NPD, the disorder is under heavy scrutiny from some psychologist who do not believe it is a sufficient diagnosis and was almost taken out of the DSM. I believe that Narcissistic Personality Disorder is a disorder that should be treated to the same extent as other Mental disorders in the DSM. According to the Mayo Clinic, Narcissistic personality disorder is somewhat new. The term was invented in 1967 to describe an over expression of the narcissism trait that has been recognized since ancient times. the extreme confidence that is exhibited by a person with narcissistic PD is just a front. People with this disorder usually suffer from fragile self-esteem, and they attempt to cover for this by making themselves appear superior to those around them. The cause of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is unknown, although it generally begins to show itself in the early stages of adulthood. People afflicted with this disorder are generally known to be aggressive when confronted with criticism, and they lack the ability to accept their own failure. They are usually manipulative and find it difficult to maintain relationships because of their tendency to use people for their own ends. They exaggerate their talents, using self-glorifying methods to gain attention for themselves a t the expense of others. The treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is debated, but it usually involves some component of psychotherapy. (NPD, 2012) Professor of psychology Aaron Pincus claims that every human being has narcissist qualities, and that the degree to which the respond to challenges to these qualities is what separates the normal person from the narcissistic individual. A narcissist is unable to get over the hurdles that life throws in front of them regarding their own self-image. â€Å"All individuals have narcissistic needs and motives; however, pathologically narcissistic One of the challenges in the study of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is the differentiation between the neurotic condition and the personality trait. A degree of narcissism is acceptable in a healthy person without posing a mental health problem. Narcissism has positive benefits, it is central to the definition of a person’s self-identity, and to their own ego. One of the main challenges psychologist face while studying Narcissistic Personality Disorder has to differentiate between the neurotic condition and the personality trait. Narcissism is acceptable, to a certain degree, in a mentally healthy person. Narcissism has a few positive benefits. Aaron Pincus writes, â€Å"Normal expressions of narcissism may contribute to self-esteem and well-being by increasing an individual’s sense of personal agency† (Pincus, 2009). Therefore psychologists have begun to rely on a test known as the Narcissistic Personality Inventory to diagnose narcissistic PD. The Nar cissistic Personality Inventory that was developed in the early 1970s to diagnose the disorder according to the criteria set by the DSM-III. Pincus states that there are disagreements amongst psychologist about whether or not the Narcissistic Personal Inventory defines narcissism in too broad of a term. Because someone scores high on the NPI does make them a narcissist. Pincus states â€Å"a high NPI scores are negatively associated with trait neuroticism and depression and positively associated with

History failures. When something went wrong

History failures. When something went wrong The greatest screw-ups in history Studies reveal it is almost impossible to pick one screw-up in history and name it the worst. Some say that it is the invention of the nuclear energy, but today, we are going to talk about the times when the said energy was not discovered and people had to think of other ways to screw themselves up to earn a place in the archives: Franz Ferdinand and his driver The turn that started World War I could not have been made, if the Archduke’s driver had not steered the wheel in the wrong direction. Some would say this is fate, others would call it bad luck, but the story is the following: on the day when the Archduke and his wife went for a walk in a personal automobile, there had been an assassination attempt in one of the streets. The driver successfully avoided the bomb†¦ only to encounter one of the assassins later, when Franz Ferdinand decided to pay a visit to the victims of the explosion in the hospital. An open gate of Constantinople If you think that Constantinople had no chance of withstanding Turkish attacks, you are utterly wrong. Byzantines did have one visible advantage, and that was the advanced defense system in one of the city’s walls, which secured the place from the enemy.The failure occurred, however, when one of the commanders in charge forgot to close the gates, and the opposing army sneaked in unnoticed, to the sheer horror and surprise of the Constantinople citizens. The capture of the capital continued with the Ottomans establishing a flag on one of the city’s buildings, which ensured their reign and victory for the decades to come. Napoleon invading Russia Napoleon gathered the largest army in continental Europe and thought it was enough to conquer Russians. The war campaign started in the month of summer, when it was hot and humid, and the emperor thought it would be only a few months before they take over Moscow and proclaim their reign.However, Russians held out surprisingly long and proved to be stronger than was originally believed. Napoleon’s army was forced to endure bitter Russian weather and eventually died of cold and freezing temperatures, occasionally helped out by the locals, whose hearts melted at the sight of the defeated foe. Interestingly, Hitler made the same mistake during World War II, when his army turned out to be completely unprepared for the Russian climate and was freezing to death as well. Battle at the Alamo Mexican General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna led his troops to the American borders in the war against the States and was 99% sure he would be the one to win the battle. On his way to meet the Texan rebels, though, he decided that a small lesson of courtesy and social justice would not hurt, and stopped at the city of Alamo.He then proceeded to take over the city and caused a huge massacre where many locals perished. For all those wondering, General did win the battle, but the cost was too high. The ones hesitating whether to support revolution and the Texan rebels were now on the American side, and Mexicans lost all the key points they previously captured, which resulted in Texas becoming the part of the United States. The British Isles invasion A long time ago, Anglo-Saxon troops decided they did not have enough people to protect the British Isles, so they called mercenaries from the borders to help. Unfortunately, when the soldiers on hire arrived at the place to see thousands of defenseless men and women at their mercy, the thought of being paid to protect did not seem appealing. Their next move was to suppress the people and take over the Isles themselves instead of being financed by the government.When the Anglo-Saxons learned the truth about the mercenaries and the way they brought trouble to their own country, they had to deal with the consequences. It was too late, however, and the years of bloody conflict and violence began. This is the kind of failure that was caused by the inexperience of the war generals and the carelessness of the government, who thought that mercenaries were reliable enough to protect their lands. Another historical and accurate proof you should not trust a person who does things out of financi al reward alone. The Austrian army fighting itself The misunderstanding between the generals and the armies led to Austrian soldiers fighting themselves. This happened during the Battle of Karansebes, where the original scheme was to attack the Turks during the night.However, it was dark, and the armies did not communicate well with one another (they were previously divided in two), which led to one part violently attacking another and causing chaos. When the truth was finally revealed, it was already morning and more than 10, 000 soldiers were badly wounded or killed. The Turks did arrive in a few days, though, only to find their enemies unable to participate in any of the war moves and quickly overtook the parts of the land, which is now Romania.

Asphalt superpave Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asphalt superpave - Assignment Example 5. Calculate averages and standard deviations using data from all samples of the same mix design. Compare average results from different design mixes. Do the samples fall within PennDOT’s acceptance criteria? The laboratory experiment was successful since the results showed that the samples prepared had compacted air voids of between 3% and 8%. For C, the percent covered by air voids was 3.22% while for D the percent was 2.95%. This range prevents the possibility of the voids becoming interconnected thereby reducing the susceptibility of the pavement undergoing permeation by air and moisture. The percent of water absorbed for both specimen C and D was less than 3 percent consequently there was no need for paraffin-coated. The samples fall within PennDOT’s acceptance criteria because they have percent of air voids around 4% and 96% compaction. However, C proves to be the best sample since its values for percent air voids (3.22) and compaction (96.78%) are closer to PennDOT’s acceptance criteria. This means that design mixes C and D are suitable for asphalt pavement since they give assurance on the required degree of compaction and percent air voids in compacted bituminous

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Research Paper - 7

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) - Research Paper Example Evaluations used for quantitative risk assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have not kept pace with the modern analytical methods hence ability of detection is not assured. Therefore, despite the fact that it’s possible to measure these compounds in seafood, there is no sufficient information on the level of toxicity of these compounds known, thus cannot be incorporated in human health risk assessment since there is uncertainty. On the other hand, larger variety of chemically replaced PAHs are naturally happening and may include health risks if human populaces are open to hazardous levels. Therefore as a result of this, future research efforts should aim at filling this toxicological gap, so that in this way, human health risk assessment of PAHs in food can be appropriately determined. This is necessary in the case of petroleum spills. (Simon, 2003) Benzo[a]pyrene(BaP) has been tested in a range of species, among the animals being rats, rabbits, guinea pigs and rhesus monkey. The effect on the animals from this laboratory testing was that, tumours have been observed in all the laboratory experiments carried out on the small animals. Thus the effect of BaP has been seen as carcinogenic, when administered by a variety of routes, including diet, inhalation and intravenous. The carcinogenicity of individual PAH and PAH- containing combinations in experimental animals has been done. This has been carried out with individual PAH in humans but with no virtual data existing. These have indicated increased incidences of cancer to human population exposed. This finding carried out indicating that a number of individual PAH are carcinogenic to experimental animals show potential carcinogenic to humans. (Overton, 2003) Toxicological effect is another outcome which is as a resulted after the experiment on the animals. Severe haematological effects have been detected in animals after oral exposure to high doses of PAHs. In vitro experiments have

Ashitaba herb Essay Example for Free

Ashitaba herb Essay Ashltaba Is a large herb that grows primarily In the central region of Japan. Its root, leaf, and stem are used to make medicine. Ashitaba is used for heartburn, stomach ulcers, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, gout, constipation, and fever. It is also used for cancer, smallpox, fluid retention, blood clots, and food poisoning. Women use it to increase the now ot breast milk. The fresh leaves and dried powder are used as food. There is not enough information to know how ashitaba might work. Some chemicals in ashitaba seem to work as antioxidants. Other chemicals might block secretions of stomach acid. But most research has been done on animals or in test tubes, not people. *Disadvantages Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Not enough is known about the use of ashitaba during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. The appropriate dose of ashitaba depends on several factors such as the users age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for ashitaba. *Advantages One of the fundamental actions of Ashltaba Is that It is great at activating Blood. The application for this is apparent in the treatment in the menstrual problems. It removes stagnation in the uterus, which will help with many menstrual difficulties. It also increases blood flow. Ashitaba is a useful Lactagogue, that is, an agent which Induces the secretion of mothers milk. There Is anecdotal evidence from Japan of a cow that was fed Ashitaba and had record milk production. By analogy, Ashitaba could be used with mastitis or low milk production after delivery.

The Effects of Advertising Essay -- TV Media Television

Every time we open a newspaper or we turn on the TV, we see sellers of almost identical products spending huge amounts of money in order to convince us to buy their brands. Every year, each typical American watches 1550 hours of TV, listens 1160 hours on radio, and spends 290 hours reading newspapers and magazines. So every day, each American watches 100 TV advertisements, 100 to 300 ads through other mass media, and in one single year receives 216 pieces of direct mail advertising, and almost 50 phone calls from telemarketers (Pratkanis and Aronson 2). All these, because sellers of everything, from computers to detergents, believe that advertising is essential to the product. Ed Ney, ex-chairman of the Young and Rubicam American agency, refers to the mid seventies when many firms still had as a debatable issue if they should advertise or not. Those days have passed. As Ney says, that has happened, because it has been proved that advertising is beneficial to the firms (Clark 16). The critics state that advertising is really beneficial to the consumers: They believe that advertising â€Å"creates† consumers that are better informed about the characteristics of the commodities, and that it does not alter the way in which the companies evaluate their products. Also, they believe that advertising creates price sensitivity for the consumers that buy the best products for their value. Finally, they think that with advertisement, entries for new brands are much easier because of the communication with the potential consumers that commercials offer (Haefner and Rotzoll 87). Advertising, collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services. Advertising is a form of mass selling, employed wh... ... the information that could probably be associated with. Although this problem is not very important in deciding which breakfast cereal to buy, it is very dangerous and sneaky in presidential elections, where the consequences are more conspicuous (O’Barr 205). That is because each candidate has created propaganda that might distort the beliefs of the voters. That is why advertising is appealing to the government. Making an advertising campaign against heroin use as the best way of spending money is debatable, but it enables the administration to be seen caring (Clark 31). So, I believe that advertisements exist only in order to return profits to the advertisers by many tricky ways. Some of these are the use of persuasion at the consumers, the faulty – logic messages, and the influence on children. All these acts, definitely, are not for the benefit of the consumers.

Different Types of Vietnamese Foods Essay

It is amazing how diverse the various types of culture can be. From country to country, even down to the different states and regions within the same nation. Culture is said to have five basic characteristics; it is learned, it is has symbolic structure, it is shared, and it has the ability to adapt. It is a system consisting of variables that constitute a rational way of life (Vien, 2003). A change in social environments results in a change in culture as well, which is why Vietnam has three different regions. Many times, food is a factor that differentiates cultures from various areas. Within Vietnam are three regions: Bac Bo (the north), Trung Bo (the center) and Nam Bo (the south). Each of these regions not only carries their own culture, but they also speak different dialects and are famous for their own kinds of dishes. One of the common traditions within all three regions is rice. Vietnamese culture always includes rice in every meal. With 70% of the Vietnamese population residing in rural areas containing small-scaled paddy rice farmers, Vietnam the second largest exporter of rice in the world (Rutten, Dijk, Rooij, & Hilderink, 2014). Rice is often served as the main complementary entrà ©e eaten with side dishes. The customary way to eat in The Vietnamese involves a family style dinner. Everyone has their own small bowl of rice, while the center of the table consists of many different types of side dishes and sauces (Countries, 2014). These types of dishes are representative of different regions and their wealth. The wealthier the family, the more protein or dishes are served. Everyone uses the chopsticks (the common Vietnamese utensil) to pick at the center dishes and bring food back to their bowl of rice (Countries, 2014). The traditional drink during mealtime is freshly brewed tea served from a teapot. Although the Vietnamese regions share some common food-related traditions, the dishes can differ in their own unique way. Each region is known to have its own specialty dishes that were influenced by its surrounding environment. Climate plays a huge factor in foods that are popular amongst these areas. Climate affects the food in several ways, such as direct effects production of crops, which leads to food supply (Gregory, Ingram, & Brklacich, 2005). Each of these groups has its own distinctive culture and is associated with a specific environmental setting (Vien, 2003). Also, another factor to consider on the different types of food from each region is the influences from the neighboring countries. The first region is North Vietnam; Bac Bo. China influences many of Bac Bo’s dishes. That’s why many of the dishes tend to be more stir fried and include egg rolls, soy sauce and MSG (Destination, 2014). Their dishes tend to have delicate flavors. The weather in North Vietnam is a bit colder; therefore they cannot grow much herbs and spices (Destinations, 2014). Their dishes have less vegetables, fish and meats compare to other areas in Vietnam (Destinations, 2014). Since they don’t cook with chilies, use black pepper and they use less sugar in their dishes. A popular dish that originated from Bac Bo is Banh Cuon. Banh Cuon is a paper-thin rice pancake rolled with ground pork and mushrooms with a side of dipping sauce with herbs and sausages. Southern Vietnam, Nam Bo, is also hugely influenced by China. However, influences from India, France, and Thai have also made an impact on their food (Destinations, 2014). The Red River Delta, in Southern Vietnam which is ri ght beside the Mekong Delta has the highest level of agricultural service distribute from their regions (Adger, 1999). The warmer weather supports the growth of more crops such as animals, vegetables and fruits (Food, 2014). Nam Bo cuisine tends to be richer in flavor since they use more sugar, fresh herbs and garlic. A popular dish from South Vietnam is Cha Tom. Cha Tom is shrimp wrapped in sugarcane. The Central of Vietnam, Trung Bo, is mostly known for their spicy dishes. This region contains the mountainous environment which produces many spices (Food, 2014). The foods in Trung Bo closely resemble the royal cuisine back in ancient Vietnam, very decorative and colorful for the kings and queens (Food, 2014). A popular  dish in Central Vietnam is Bun Bo Hue. Bun Bo Hue is a spicy soup with rice vermicelli and beef. Vietnamese cuisines are infiltrating into America as well. The popular Vietnamese soup, Pho, beef noodle soup has captured the hearts of America (Loh, 2002). Pho cannot be found everywhere in America yet, but it is likely to become the next mainstream Asian cuisine in America (Loh, 2002 ). There is a couple of states that have Pho restaurant but mostly in California. A Campbell Soup Company has partnered with a Vietnamese American chef to create a refrigeration pho broth to the food service industry (Loh, 2002). Also, Chefs at University of Massachusetts in Amherst started serving Pho once a week in the residential dining halls (Loh, 2002). The school’s director of dining services says, â€Å"If it gets more popular, we’ll make it three times a week.† The This Vietnamese broth is one of a couple of Vietnamese cuisines that influence Americans. Banh Mi, Vietnamese sandwiches is the next big food item that America has adopted. In 1983, the first Lee’s Sandwich was created in San Jose CA (Lee’s, 2014). Lee’s sells a mix of modern and traditional Asian-American cuisines: traditional Vietnamese sandwiches and American sandwiches on baguettes or croissants both can be found on their menu (Lee’s, 2014). With this strategy, Lee’s Sandwich has developed to become one of the fastest growing restaurants chains in the West. Lee’s Sandwich was recognized as one of the Top 50 foodservice bakery in the United states by Modern Baking in 2005 (Lee’s, 2014). Standing today with 55 stores country wide. Lee’s sandwich is another wonderful Vietnamese cuisine that is slowly but surely influencing America. The Vietnamese culture is gradually growing throughout America with the help of Vietnamese-Americans citizens. The U.S. does a good job of upholding our reputation of diversity; it is astonishing to see how this country is so open to trying new and different types of food. The willingness to intertwine with other ethic culture and food continues to make huge progress in this development. References Adger, W. N. (1999). Social Vulnerability To Climate Change And Extremes In Coastal Vietnam. World Development, 27(2), 249-269. Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Culture of Vietnam. Retrieved September 28, 2014, from http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Vietnam.html Destination Vietnam. (n.d.). Rice, herbs, spices. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.destination-asia.com/vietnam/about/taste/ Food. (n.d.). Inside Vietnam. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.insidevietnamtours.com/vietnamese-culture/food/ Gregory, P., Ingram, J., & Brklacich, M. (2005, October 24). Climate change and food security. Climate change and food security. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1463/2139.full.pdf+html Lee’s Sandwiches Franchise. (n.d.). Costs & Fees. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.thefranchisemall.com/franchises/details/13774-0-lees_sandwiches.htm Loh, L. (2002, May 13). The Next Ethnic Dish of the Day: Vietnamese Pho. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://articles.latimes.com/2002/may/13/business/fi-pho13 Rutten, M., Dijk, M. V., Rooij, W. V., & Hilderink, H. (2014). Land Use Dynamics, Climate Change, and Food Security in Vietnam: A Global-to-local Modeling Approach. World Development, 59, 29-46. Vien, T. D. (2003). Culture, environment, and farming systems in Vietnam’s northern mountain region. Cambridge University Press: Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 41. Vietnamese Cuisine, Food & Recipes. (n.d.). Asian Recipes. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.asian-recipe.com/vietnam

As I Walked Out One Evening †W.H.Auden Essay

The poem in study is As I Walked out One Evening by W.H. Auden. His views projected in this poem are suggested to have not varied since the time he composed this piece. Unlike his other poems, this piece was never revised. Here, Auden exposes the two sides of romance through the manipulation of narrative voices, the poet, the lover’s song and the chiming of the clock personified. As I walked out one evening is composed in a traditional ballad form. It’s consists of 15 quatrain stanzas conforming to an â€Å"abcb† rhyme scheme. The masculine end rhyme employed gives more freedom of wording. It is through these settings that exhibits the song-like quality of a ballad and by this lyrical tune, Auden suggests the theme and theories examined in the poem are of childlike logic and knowledge. With reference to the structure of the poem, it comprises of 15 stanzas split into three distinctive voices. The first and last being the narration by the poet himself, framing the Lover’s Song and the menacing voice of the clock. Through the beginning narration by the persona, W.H. Auden sets the essence of nostalgia with a â€Å"walk down Bristol Street†. The mention of Bristol Street creates the tone of reminiscence as it is a venue of Auden’s childhood. The contrast of â€Å"crowds upon the pavement† that use to be â€Å"fields of harvest wheat† showcases the change taken place during time-lapse. Down by the brimming river, the poet hears a lover sing â€Å"love has no ending†. The transition of narrative position from the initial persona to the Love Song takes place through the marking of inverted commas. The rhythm of the poem also changes away from iambic tri-meter when the love song begins. The love song is hyperbolized, injected with imageries and unconventional similes to exaggerate the affections of a naà ¯ve lover. With suggestions of the uncanny ability to love â€Å"till China and Africa meet†, Auden captures their simplistic and unrealistic minds. The silly and lighthearted tone shown through the alliteration of the line â€Å"salmon sing in the street†. In addition to undermining the forces of nature, the lover’s song seem to believe its love to be pure and immune to time, for â€Å"in my arms I hold The  Flower of the Ages, And the first love of the world†. This love is expressed to be ageless, the Flower of the Ages a Biblical reference to the year of maturity in which a woman can marry. In a sense, the song provokes that the incredibility of love is beyond human entity, but of something greater. However, the tone shifts in the 6th stanza, turning to the narration of the clock and time personified. They seem to be rebuking the ideals embodied by the Lover’s Song as they began to â€Å"whirr and chime†, an onomatopoeia that creates the image of violent and unsettling wind. The wind that could break them apart, hit their faces with a chill. The clock conveys the negative perception of naà ¯ve love as it rings out a series of advice to the lovers. The Clock’s advice is like a progression of a 4 session counselling, speaking to us readers as if we are the young lovers. Marked by the phrase â€Å"O†, he begins with a gentle coaxing. â€Å"O let not time deceive you†, the idealism borne by the love song shall break through time’s passing. â€Å"O plunge your hands in the water† as if washing one’s face in the morning. Wake up from the hyperbolized world of love to reality. â€Å"Stare, stare at the basin,† reflect on your past actions and their indications, what you’ve missed. â€Å"O look, look in the mirror† examine your present self. Finally â€Å"O stand, stand at the window†, see your partner through the barrier of glass. Unclouded and unaffected by cruel words of a quarrel, in the peace of one’s own mind, then we shall see that we are all hypocrites in love. The overall tone of the clock is quite dark and Auden uses the technique of contrasting metaphors to develop the negative effects of time in idealism. The â€Å"green valley† and â€Å"appalling snow† signifying the presence of time will eventually break momentary joy. â€Å"The glacier knocks in the cupboard, the desert sighs in the bed†, the consequences of time will invade one’s privacy and comfort, perhaps even home. Until it becomes overwhelming, one should break down, it’ll â€Å"open a lane to the land of the dead† where qualities of life we once known are twisted into a paradoxical world embodied by stanza 12. There is however, a consolation to these negative aspects, that if we â€Å"wake  up† in time, we shall learn to love truly, for life remains a blessing, even when we’re too focused on our distress. Throughout this entire process, the language suggests the lack of presence of the first persona. But this theory is contradicted by the last stanza where the â€Å"poet† narrates. â€Å"It was late, late in the evening†, the repetition a habit picked up from the clock’s speech. The persona was watching the whole time, now knows better, that the overflowing love of the â€Å"brimming river†, actually has a lot more depth. W.H. Auden through the shift of narrative voices explores the different perspective of love. This technique shows us not only one sided opinions but various views. And readers are shown, that perhaps what is right in the minds of one, may vary to the eyes of another. The image of romance is often twisted to extremes by society. As human beings, we have the tendency to form opinions based on our own favours. To an extent, this poem may resemble a satire to society. Humans tend to be hypocrites and very good liars to even our own minds to justify our wrongdoings.

The Opening Shot in Touch of Evil by Orson Welles essays

The Opening Shot in Touch of Evil by Orson Welles essays In the opening shot of Touch of Evil, Orson Welles can create tension and suspense by effectively using the off frame aspect of the mise-en-scene. By allowing the scene to move outside the focus of action, at particularly untimely moments, Welles places the audience in short but effective moments of unresolved tension and suspense, effectively luring the spectator psychologically further into the opening shot and the rest of the film. At the very beginning of Touch of Evil, the scene begins with the bomb. The bomb is a main focus of the entire first shot. It will never leave the spectators memory. The audience sees someone activate the bomb, then suddenly, after a woman laughs, the camera swings away showing a couple walking. The scene continues as the man with the bomb moves outside the frame. At this moment, the camera is moved to slightly follow just behind the man with the bomb. We see shadows, but he is not allowed back into the frame. This short moment creates the foundation of the rest of the continuous opening shot. The audience gets its first sense of tension at the very second the bomb moves outside the frame. "Where's the bomb going? Follow him!" Before long, the man is back in the scene placing the bomb in the trunk. In order to avoid summarizing the entire plot of the first scene, please allow plot gaps. The couple seen earlier are now in and driving the car. The second separation of a spectator to bomb occurs rather quickly. The car passes behind a building, and the camera attempts to follow where presumably the car drove. To be fair, there are things that could distract the audience from this separation and the off frame car. There are credits, music, and sound effects all during this shot. However, during some moments the music is carefully structured throughout the shot to add MORE suspense. Welles doesn't allow the spectators' attention to ever fully stray away from the danger of the bomb. The bomb is off the fra...

Positivism in the Study of Sociology

Positivism in the Study of Sociology Positivism describes an approach to the study of society that specifically utilizes scientific evidence such as experiments, statistics, and qualitative results to reveal a truth about the way society functions. It is based on the assumption that its possible to observe social life and establish reliable knowledge about its inner workings. Positivism also argues that sociology should concern itself only with what can be observed with the senses and that theories of social life should be built in a rigid, linear, and methodical way on a base of verifiable fact. Nineteenth-century French philosopher Auguste Comte developed and defined the term in his books The Course in Positive Philosophy and A General View of Positivism. He theorized that the knowledge gleaned from positivism can be used to affect the course of social change and improve the human condition. The Queen Science Initially, Comte was primarily interested in establishing theories that he could test, with the main goal of improving our world once these theories were delineated. He wanted to uncover natural laws that could be applied to society, and he believed that the natural sciences, like biology and physics, were a stepping stone in the development of social science. He believed that just as gravity is a truth in the physical world,  similar universal laws could be discovered in relation to society. Comte, along with Emile Durkheim, wanted to create a distinct new field with its own group of scientific facts. He hoped that sociology would become the queen science, one that was more important than the natural sciences that preceded it. Five Principles of Positivism Five principles make up the theory of positivism. It asserts that the logic of inquiry is identical across all branches of science; the goal of inquiry is to explain, predict, and discover; and research should be observed empirically with human senses. Positivism also maintains that science is not the same as common sense, and it should be judged by logic and remain free of values. Three Cultural Stages of Society Comte believed that society was passing through distinct stages and was then entering its third. The stages included the theological-military stage, the metaphysical-judicial stage, and the scientific-industrial society. During the theological-military stage, society held strong beliefs about supernatural beings, slavery,  and the military. The metaphysical-judicial stage saw a tremendous focus on political and legal structures that emerged as society evolved, and in the scientific-industrial stage, a positive philosophy of science was emerging due to advances in logical thinking and scientific inquiry. Positivism Today Positivism has had relatively little influence on contemporary sociology because it is said to encourage a misleading emphasis on superficial facts without any attention to underlying mechanisms that cannot be observed. Instead, sociologists understand that the study of culture is complex and requires many complex methods necessary for research. For example, by using fieldwork, researchers immerse themselves in another culture to learn about it. Modern sociologists dont embrace the version of one true vision of society as a goal for sociology like Comte did.

In what respects has the process of globalization changed the Essay

In what respects has the process of globalization changed the international political agenda - Essay Example s closer and has created a level of interdependence between these nations, where the economies, social structures and security relationships of these countries have been connected in an interwoven web of an intricate delicacy.(Skolnikoff,2001). There are still those who suggest that the world has â€Å"gone beyond interdependence†, to the point that there has become â€Å"a tightly woven fabric of international agreements, organizations, and institutions that shape relations with each other and penetrate deeply into their internal economics and politics.† (Chayes &Chayes, 1995). Due to this, many people argue that the phenomenon of globalization has created a sense of demarcation of boundaries and territories and has threatened the age old concept of the Nation-state. Linklater (1998) comments that globalization has created a sense of pressure on the political systems of the world and "it has become essential to question the assumption that citizenship has no meaning apart from the sovereign nation-state†. This idea that the world has been interconnected to the point that there has arisen a lack of national identities has had far reaching impacts around the world and has not only effected social and economical factors of countries around the world but also the international political ideals and agendas. He says that â€Å"globalization and fragmentation erode traditional conceptions of the community and reduce the moral significance of national boundaries. Putzel (2004) is of the opinion that â€Å"patterns of globalization and liberalization need to be examined in light of their political consequences, especially in the context of situations of state collapse and violent conflict†. , a fact which has had a transformational effect on the terrain of politics and the political agendas of countries around the world. The author suggests that this movement of globalization which has weakened the concept of Nation-State and has instated a sort of semi-democracy in most

In patients with obesity can diet and excercise control weight gain Research Paper

In patients with obesity can diet and excercise control weight gain better than weight loss pills lipofuz or Alli - Research Paper Example late obesity with the abnormal food intake or poor diet (Styne, 2005), genetic factor such as a metabolic defect (Roth et al., 2004; Rosmond, 2002), leptin deficiency and/or the use of steroids (Link et al., 2004). Children and adults who are obese are facing problems not only related to social adjustment disorders or social discrimination (Pearce et al., 2002) but also a long list of serious health concerns such as heart diseases, diabetes and the different types of cancer (WHO, 2005). Aside from providing the definition of health and chronic illnesses as stated by the World Health Organization among others, how these definitions are in consistent with my own thoughts will be thoroughly discussed. After determining the impact of food manufacturers’ television advertisement on the increasing rate of obesity in the United States, the proposed research study will focus on determining whether or not preventive measures is a better method of weight control for obese patients than those who prefer to undergo gastric banding. In the process of going through the main discussion, the significance of diet, exercise, and gastric banding procedure on minimizing the cases of obesity will be compared and contrast. Based on the gathered information, a list of recommendations will be provided prior to conclusion. The World Health Organization (2003) defined health as â€Å"the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity†. On the other hand, chronic illness is defined as â€Å"the irreversible presence, accumulation, or latency of disease states or impairments that involve the total human environment for supportive and self-care, maintenance of function, and prevention of further disability† (Curtin & Lubkin, 1995, pp. 6 – 7). In my own thoughts, the health and wellness of each person is not all about being physically free from being ill but living a lifestyle that would prevent these people from having the need

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry Essay - 20

Importance of Professionalising HRM in Hotel Industry - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that each department requires personnel to operate and mange the different types of customers. Thus, there is a need for HRM in a hotel because every aspect in a hotel is concerned with handling people. A HRM professional can understand the needs and preferences of employees and can handle the employee related problems quite efficiently than others. From the provided case, it can be observed that it is a challenge for Happy Hotels to recruit, develop and maintain workforce which is significant for the hotel because a good motivated workforce is the key for providing high quality services to the sensitive customers. The approaches undertaken by Happy Hotels are quite different than the other high cost hotel services. It provides customers with excellent services, comfortable rooms, and good meals with minimal budget than other high cost hotel such as Premium Inn or Holiday Inn. Thus, the job description in Happy Hotels needs range of skills and qualities. The employees must have knowledge to interact with various customers who can impact the HRM strategies such as recruitment and training of employees. HRM can broadly manage the employees in Happy Hotels and can aid the hotels to pursue their path towards achieving success. There are many reasons for professionalising HRM in the expansion of hotel group. Every hotel seeks to dev elop their services which can differentiate them from other competitors. Thus, a hotel will always endeavour to focus on providing customers any product or service which is new and innovative. The employees of the hotels will play one of the major roles in fulfilling this endeavour of the hotels. Thus, the employees need to learn behaviour such as readiness to tolerate uncertainty and changeability. They need to take risks. A highly skilled HR individual can help to achieve high level of autonomy in a hotel.

Situational Leadership Theory

Situational Leadership Theory Situational leadership theory, in simple terms talks about different leadership styles and how a leader can choose an appropriate style with respect to team that he/she is leading and situation in which they are in, to complete the given task. An organization fasces different situations in different times depending on many factors, internal and external which are hard to control. Situational leadership theory helps an organization to face this kind of circumstances. Hersey and Blanchard (1969-1977), first introduced a theory named life cycle theory of leadership which was then developed and renamed to situational leadership theory. Hersey and Blanchard talks about.. Four leadership styles and how a leader can choose different style depending on the maturity level of the team members. Maturity of the team members can be defined as the individuals knowledge required to complete the given task, commitment and willingness to complete the given task. Different styles define, where the leaders focus should be i.e. on team members or on the task. Vroom and Normative talk about How can a leader increasing the team members commitment, effectiveness and efficiency through, allowing team members to participate in decision making. Decision making is a process of deciding what the goals are and how the team is going to achieve them? And how far a leader can allow team members to participate in the decision making? depending on various situations. House and Mitchell (1974) talked about Various styles a leader can chose to explain the vision to the team members and to support them when they get blocked or having difficulty in completing the task, depending on the situation. (The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership, 1974) Explanation According to Hersey and Blanchard The team members of a team can be divided in to four groups depending on their commitment, required knowledge for the job, and willingness to work, which is also known as maturity level of the team. And a leader should choose an appropriate leadership style depending on the maturity level of the team. If the team members doesnt have required knowledge for the job, and they are not committed and willing to work. Leader should keep more focus on completing the given task compared to focus on the team members needs. If the team members are somewhat committed to and have knowledge about the work, but not willing to work. Leader should keep more focus on completing the given task as well as team members needs. If the team has the required job knowledge but are not willing and committed to work. Leader should focus more on teams needs compared to completing the given task. If the team has the required job knowledge, and are willing and committed to work. Leader can keep less focus on teams needs as well as completing the given task. According to Vroom and Normative When the team members are allowed to participate in the process of developing goals and paths to achieve goals, then they show more commitment and willingness to work. Depending on the situation a leader can choose to Take information or advice from team members, and then choose few that he/she likes. Share the ideas with team members, discuss with individuals then choose few that he/she likes. Share the ideas with team members, discuss with the group and listen to the new ideas and choose few to follow. Share the ideas with the team and then follows according to the majority of the teams decision. This model only focuses on decision making strategies in the organisation and how they can affect the performance of the team members. According to House and Mitchell (1974) Leaders chooses goals that organization is going to reach and how they are going to reach the goals alone. However, leaders can explain clearly or not clearly the way that team should follow and he/she can also support team to face the difficulties on the way to reach the goals. Leader can also provide rewards to the team members who are performing well to increase the commitment and willingness of the team. Depending on the situation they can choose different styles like Supportive Leadership: Here leaders focus is more on the team members needs and creating a supportive environment for the team in times of high work pressure. Directive Leadership: Here leader focuses on both the team members needs and completing the given task, gives them information which is needed and supports them when necessary. Participative Leadership: Works with the team, allows them to develop new ideas and considers them when he/she is taking decisions. Achievement-Oriented Leadership: Here leaders develop themselves and the team. They take challenging tasks and decisions to achieve goals which are tough to achieve. Critical view on Situational Leadership Theory Claude L Graeff said Theoretical issues undermining the robustness of the situational leadership theory and the utility of its prescriptive model and discusses. More specifically, conceptual ambiguity associated with the mechanics of applying the concept of job-relevant maturity and other problems with the normative model are seen as seriously limiting its pragmatic utility. (Academy of management. The academy of management review 1986. ABI/INFORM Global) The situational leadership theory even though many pioneer, has many disadvantages. Every model has its own advantages and disadvantages like Job maturity talks about the required knowledge to do the job, where as maturity considers many other factors like experience in the job, general knowledge and problem solving abilities, etc. Self-esteem and confidence play a vital role in an individuals performance which comes under psychological maturity, which was never mentioned in the theories. Participation in decision making can increase pressure on the team and also can bring misunderstandings between the team members. The relationship between decision making and increase in commitment and willingness of the team members is not always directly proportional; sometimes it may result in serious problems. If leader is focusing less on the task and the path that team is following to reach the task, the team may lose the way and not achieve the goals in time. Relevance with Contemporary Organizations Albert Humphrey (1960-1970), created a tool which helps an organization to understand its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. With the help of this tool an organization can develop strategies to overcome weaknesses and threats, and to improve strengths and opportunities. Organizations are facing more and more competition as globalization and international markets are growing. Most of the organizations are depending on the same resources, so it is important for a leader to use the resources properly to achieve the given task. And to achieve this, a leader should use appropriate styles according to ever changing situations. To analyse external factors which affect the organization, another model PESTEL analysis can be used which talks about factors like Politics, Economics, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal factors, which an organization cannot control, and any change in these factors can change the situation an organization is working in. So, it is important that leaders should change their styles and behaviours according to the situations and help the team to complete the given task. Example: Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan recently triggered nuclear meltdown in the nation, which not only affected the nations economy but also worlds economy. Organizations which are based in Japan even though doesnt got any direct impact from the natural disaster have lost their stocks. In situations that cannot be controlled by the organization it is necessary for the leaders to help the team and the organization by playing different roles according to the situation. Conclusion This theory talks about following different approaches according to or appropriate to the situations, the developers also helped to form or build different strategies to follow in different cases. So it is a process of influencing the maturity of the follower or team to achieve the given goal in a given situation. Here a leader must be focus on both team and the task, more or less. Reference P. Hersey, K. H Blanchard and William Morrow (1999). Leadership and the One Minute Manager. P. Hersey, K. H Blanchard and D. E Johnson (2007). Management of Organizational Behaviour: Leading Human Resources. Prentice Hall. V. H Vroom and P. W Yetton (1973). Leadership and decision-making. University of Pittsburg Press. R. J House (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly. R. J House and T. R Mitchell (1974). Path-Goal Theory of Leadership. Contemporary Business. M. G Evans (1970). The effect of supervisory behaviour on the path-goal relationship. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance.

Preparing for Death While Embracing Life Essay -- essays research pape

The process of dying begins at birth. Each of us know that someday we will die, but we don't generally like to think or talk about it. The topic of death is often taboo in our society. Because of this, we are often unprepared when we are faced with the final stages of the dying process with someone we love. Attitudes and concepts about death and dying vary greatly. Death refers to the actual physical ending of life, while dying refers to the process of coming to that end. Most people do not simply stop breathing. It is often a slow, lingering, unwinding process that can take days, weeks, or months. Even the actively dying process can occur over a period of hours or days. Observing this process can be extremely difficult for loved ones. Some people experience the symptoms of being close to death and then, for some unexplained reason their condition may begin to improve a little. The family's hopes soar, only to be dashed again, as the loved one's condition deteriorates. These roller-coaster changes can be emotionally and physically exhausting for caregivers. Most of the fear of death is really fear of the unknown. Education and open discussion about the events that will occur can relieve much of the fear patients and families experience. Each death is different, a touching and special drama, just as each birth is. And usually the act of dying requires some assistance, just as the act of giving birth does. Because each person's death is unique, it is difficult to state exactly what will happen in each situation. This particular period of time is one of the most difficult times you and your family will experience. Some people believe that preparing for a death is the most difficult part of losing a loved one. Friends and family members may feel helpless as their loved one comes closer to death. Fear of the inevitable, sorrow, and anticipating the grief to come are common and can be completely exhausting. Many people who have a serious illness may anticipate their own passing and experience a range of emotions as well. A grief counselor can help an ill person work to resolve issues and, perhaps, achieve a level of peace with the inevitable. On a more practical note, there are issues that can be resolved during the period of physical decline that may lead to greater peace of mind. The person's will should be drawn up or updated and any other personal matter... ...son whom you have named as "successor Trustee" takes over your Trust. This person is in charge of taking care of the property under the Trust or of distributing the property to the beneficiaries you specified within the Trust. Remember, before you take the legal action of creating a trust, it is almost always in your best interest to consult a lawyer for more information and guidance. So as you can see, there are many ways to deal with death while one is still alive. It is important that one realizes that these means are not there to â€Å"rattle Death’s cage† as some people have put it, but for more practical means, such as taking care of the one’s left behind. Bibliography Ø Mannino, Davis J. Grieving Days, Healing Days. Allyn and Bacon Ø Kubler-Ross, E. On Death and Dying. Simon and Schuster Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legal/guardianship/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legal/living_wills/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legal/power_of_attor/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legal/wills/default.htm Ø http://www2.seniorcareweb.com/senior/legal/assets_and_tru/default.htm

Religious and Racial Discrimination in South Korea Essay

In August 2008, Buddhists from South Korea held a protest against Pro-Christian bias in the government of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak. Followers of Buddhism showed their discontent against Lee Myung-bak’s favoring Christians. The Chief Executive likewise received criticism for placing Christians in his Cabinet and choice spots (Kwang, 2008). The Buddhist protest began in June when the Ministry of Transportation scrapped Buddhist temples from electronic maps of South Korea’s public transport system. Compounding this hatred is the inspection of the car of Venerable Jikwan, who is chief of South Korea’s top Buddhist sects. Because of this, the approval rating of Lee Myung-bak decreased considerably (Kwang, 2008). Conclusion Imperialism had a major impact in the development of 20th century Korea. With some assistance from the US and Great Britain, Japan conquered Korea in 1910, which ended the latter’s existence as an independent state. Aiming to establish its own Empire, Japan modified Korean economy in order to manufacture its own agricultural products. Korean peasants were forced to leave their lands and by 1930s and 1940s, majority of Koreans were working in the mining or manufacturing sector of Manchuria, Japan, and Korea. South Korea is considered as one of the world’s most ethically homogenous nations. Koreans descended from the Neolithic people who migrated to the Korean Peninsula from the northeastern portion of mainland Asia. Consisting the biggest minority group in South Korea are people with Chinese descendants. Local residents include an increasing number of foreign nationals, including migrant workers from South and southeast Asia, entrepreneurs, diplomats, and other professionals from various parts of the world. Half of South Korea’s population actively practices their religion. Christianity and Buddhism dominate the religion of South Korea. Only 3% consider themselves as Confucians and the remaining 1% practices the traditional religion of Shamanism and Chondogyo. New religions also sprouted in South Korea. Majority of them are syncretic, which means that they have the ability to merge with different religious beliefs. The most prevalent among these beliefs is the Unification Church established by Sun Myung Moon in 1954. Chondogyo blends aspects of Confucianism, Daoism, Shamanism, Christianity, and Buddhism. References Background Note: South Korea (2008 March).Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs- US Department of State. Retrieved October 2 2008 from http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2800. htm. Hart-Landsberg, M (1989 July). South Korea: Looking At The Left. BNet Business Network. Retrieved October 2 2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_/ai_7768445 Kim, K. T. (2008 August 27). South Korea’s Buddhists March Against President. Las Cruces Sun News. Retrieved October 2 2008 from http://www. lcsun-news. com/ci_10313895 Peterson, M (n. d). South Korea. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 2 2008 from http://www. encarta. msn. com

Collaboration Worksheet Essay

†¢ What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? Some of the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment are that each person has something to bring to the group. Diversity makes it easy for each person in the group to learn more about the topic at hand, because each person comes from a different background and had different experiences, and brings something different to the collaborative group. When working with other people, you get the chance to go into depth about the topic, and you get the chance to have a different teacher. Maybe the teachers teaching style doesn’t fit with your personal learning style, so having someone in your group that understands what is being taught may be able to help you to understand the topic better. Bring more light to the subject per say. †¢ How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration? Factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles can affect collaboration in a number of ways. Diversity affects collaboration, because there may be someone in the group that is very intolerant to diversity, and closed minded. Attitude plays a big role in collaboration, because if everyone in the group has a good attitude then collaboration is easy, however, if even one person in the group has a bad attitude, it can turn the entire group attitude negative, making collaboration difficult or even impossible. Learning and work styles also greatly affect collaboration, because as I mentioned previously, everyone has a learning style, as well as a teaching style, so the more people in a group, the more likely it is that everyone learns the topic to the best of their ability. As for work styles, this can cause problems when it comes to collaboration, because everyone in the group has to agree that the assignment should be done in a particular way, and a particular work style may not fit with that persons said work style. That also goes with learning how to be open-minded. †¢ How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group? Personal responsibility influences the work and success of a group, because each person in a group has to put forth equal effort in completing the task at hand. If I did not have a since of personal responsibility, I might not put forth my share of work, and therefore hindering the success of my group. Personal responsibility pushes a person to excel in the school or work place, and the better a person is doing, the more effort a person puts forth reflects on the group as a whole, and makes them more successful together. This is why when working in a group, or even by yourself, it is important to put forth every bit of effort possible.

Crime Rate Fluctuation

Crime Rate Fluctuation Free Online Research Papers Many sociologist and criminal theorist have attempted to explain fluctuation in the crime rates at both a state and national level through out America. Perhaps one of the most widely scrutinized and debated relationships is that between the crime rate and incarceration levels. The U.S Department of justice has stated that â€Å"tough sentencing means less crime†, however, proponents say that due to the abundance of ambiguous statistical analysis’s this claim should not be made because of the apparent complex relationship between crime and incarceration. A common misconception among the general public is that locking up ‘bad guys’ is the most effective way of making communities more safe and secure from crime. This is, however, anything but an accepted fact among professionals within the criminal field. One of the most apparent trends among the criminal justice system is the extreme increase of prison and jail populations within the last 40 years. According to The Sentencing Project’s article titled Incarceration and Crime: A Complex Relationship, prison and jail populations have increased by more than 500% between the periods of 1970 and 2000. This is quite a dramatic change, yet there has not been a change equally significant within the national crime rates. The nation as a whole has experienced a 40-year low in crime, however, the crime rates are only at the level in which they were during a time when the incarcerated population was just a fraction of the total today. Analysts can currently attribute only about 25% of the decline in violent crime to increased incarceration. Presented in the Sentencing Project’s report, economist Steven Levitt identifies four other primary factors that can be attributed to the decline in crime during the 1990’s. Levitt argues that one such factor was the growing economy which produced more jobs and opportunities for lower-wage workers and characterizes this to a nearly 30% decline in crime. This appears to make a great amount of sense. If lower level social economic classes are presented with a greater chance for success this could be enough to deter them from committing crime. Many people are pushed into a life of crime by unfortunate circumstances that lead them to believe there is no other choice. If a larger amount of opportunities are offered such as jobs, these may give enough incentives and reasons to lead people away from criminal activities. Strategic policing is another factor that Levitt suggests contributes to a decrease in crime rates. Levitt states that the adoption of various forms of community level policing are more effective strategies that make better use of police forces. Community policing is a strategy that promotes police to work closely with community residents emphasizing crime prevention, as opposed to law enforcement. This form of policing not only builds stronger relationships with communities but also reduces the fear of crime within them. (Walker and Katz 15) The Sentencing Project’s report lists several reasons for the limited impact that incarceration has on crime rates. Diminishing returns in crime control are possibly one of the biggest reasons for incarceration’s lack of effect on crime rates. As prison systems expand there is a higher increase of lower-rate offenders particularly related to drug offences. The expanded incarceration of these lower-rate and lower-level offenders has a negative effect on the cost-to-benefit ratios. These lower-level offenders cost an equal amount of resources as the higher-level offenders, yet cause no decline in crime rates projected by The Uniform Crime Reports. Another important reason for the limited effect that incarceration has on crimes rates is ascribed to the negative impacts on family and community levels. Incarcerating members of society in facilities located long distances from their community has a damaging effect. This type of imprisonment is said to weaken family and community bonds, and contribute to an increase in recidivism and future criminality. These family and community bonds are often frayed or broken by long distance imprisonment have a destabilizing effect, making it more difficult for the reintegration of former convicts into society. A final reason for the limited impact that incarceration has on crime rates has to do with the comparison to other interventions as an alternative solution. The Sentencing Project’s report suggests that drug treatment, interventions with at-risks families, and school completion programs are more cost effective than expanded incarceration as crime control measures. Placing more money into programs such as these will have a strong influence on crime rates by addressing social issues rather than just locking them away. Incarceration alone has no little to any rehabilitative value and should be reserved for more serious offenders. People with drug addictions and psychological problems should be treated in a way that has more of a focus on medical needs rather than punishment by isolation. There is no denying that incarceration has an impact on decreasing crime rates, however, it is not the ultimate solution. More focus should be place on community level needs such as education and employment. Higher education costs have continued to rise making it more difficult for families in lower social economic brackets to consider college as an option. The strongest tool for lowering crime is education. People with higher education are less likely to resort to criminal behavior and more likely to succeed in life. The government needs to place more emphasis on programs designed to make college more affordable and accessible to a wider variety of people. Discrimination against ex-convicts is a practice that may also contribute to an increase in recidivism and crime rates. Anyone with a federal charge is essentially given a scarlet letter, making it nearly impossible for them to seek employment or higher education. People released from prisons should be given an equal opportunity rather than branding them as lost causes. It is these types of practices that give ex-cons a feeling of hopelessness and exile from their government and society that ultimately cause them to resort back to crime. If the criminal justice system is truly committed to decreasing the crime rate they should consider revising current laws pertaining to substance abuse. Drug addicts belong in hospitals not prisons. The practice of mandatory minimum sentencing on drug offenders should be abolished and the money spent on the incarceration of them should be diverted to programs designed to treat and reintegrate drug offenders into society. The solution to decreasing crime rates will be a combination of various practices such as incarceration, raising employment opportunity and education. There is no one solution to the problem of crime and many which have yet to be explored. Prison over population is becoming a serious problem that wastes away precious resources. The solution is not to simply build more facilities. In order to create a safer and more secure society there needs to be more research and exploration into solutions rather than just locking criminals up and throwing away the key. Reference Walker, Samuel, and Charles M. Katz. The Police in America An Introduction. 5th. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. Research Papers on Crime Rate FluctuationCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital