Basic Tooth Anatomy

Teeth are shaped according to its function and location in the mouth but regardless of its shape and function, it is composed of the same structures as follows: Crown- is the top portion of the tooth. This is what we can see in the oral cavity just by looking inside our patients’ mouth. Root- is the part of the tooth that is embedded in the bone. We can see the root of a tooth usually in a radiograph. Each tooth is composed of 4 primary structures namely: Enamel- is the hardest and most mineralized substance in the body. It covers the outside of the crown of the tooth and is translucent. Because the content of enamel is highly mineralized it also makes it susceptible to cavities. How? Reasons for decay vary but mostly it is due to ingestion of sugars that react with the bacteria found in the mouth that forms a type of acid that attacks enamel therefore it weakens enamel and overtime causes cavities. Dentin- makes up the bulk of the tooth and lies under enamel. It covers the pulp and the color may range from gray to yellow usually penetrating through the enamel. Dentin is composed of mineralized connective tissue like enamel but it is softer. It is necessary for the support of enamel. It also serves as a cushion to protect enamel from breaking. Pulp- is found at the center of the tooth. It is composed of nerves and blood vessels that provide nutrients to the tooth. And since it is made up of these structures, the pulp is soft and vulnerable without the protection of enamel and dentin. At the tip of the pulp we can find what is called as the â€Å"apex† of the root, this is a small opening where blood vessels and nerves pass through. Cementum- is a bone like connective tissue located around the root. It helps support the teeth by providing a place of attachment to the other tissues that surround the teeth in the socket.

“Nowhere Man” by Pico Iyer Essay

â€Å"Nowhere Man† by Pico Iyer talks about how being a transit lounger has it’s ups and downs. Packing and waiting for your next plane as soon as you’re about ready to just sit down and rest. From sleeping in airports to eating almost all of your meals off of plastic plates. I could relate to Iyer to some level but fully. Being a visitor in your home is never a good feeling to experience but seeing the world through your eyes is such a blessing as well. I thought that nationalism was the only thing that created â€Å"monsters† but after reading this piece, I believe that both nationalism and internationalism create â€Å"monsters†. Themes that I picked up while reading this piece were – independence, nationalism, internationalism, lack for sense of home, family and comfort, discovery, self-discovery, exhaustion, loneliness, confusion. I really enjoyed a lot of the sentences that Iyer wrote but one that really caught my attention was, â€Å"We pass through countries as through revolving doors, resident aliens of the world, impermanent residents of nowhere†. This sentence really caught my attention because not only were these words put together very well but they also have a deeper meaning behind them. To me, this sentence means that they were always in a hurry to get from country to the other in time and all though they were always traveling, they never had the true meaning of a â€Å"home† but yet had a house wherever they traveled to. When Iyer said, â€Å"We are visitors in our home† – it really hit home because whenever I go over to my dads house, I feel like such a visitor although I’m suppose to feel like it’s my second home because it’s my dads house. I’m not sure what he felt when he wrote it but when I write it or talk about, I feel empty as though so mething is missing. Personally, I would have a love/hate relationship if I were a transit lounger, not knowing where home is. I would love it because I get to travel the world, discover new cities and meet new people but I would hate it because I would most likely constantly get asked where I live and I would hate to say â€Å"I don’t actually have a home but I’m going to Madrid next!†. If I didn’t have a home, I would probably lose my sense of family and comfort.  I wouldn’t know where I could go back to when I get tired of traveling, once I’m overwhelmed with seeing new cities and meeting new people. But it would also help me build a sense of independence and I would have an exciting lifestyle. Being a transit lounger sure does have it’s deep cons and pros. Two questions: – If he wasn’t a transit lounger, would he still be the same person he is today? Would he be as independent as he is today? – Did any of the other students relate to Iyer when he mentioned â€Å"†We are visitors even in our home†?

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NON-EMERGENCY TRANSPORT PAYMENT PROCESS & GROWTH PowerPoint Presentation

NON-EMERGENCY TRANSPORT PAYMENT PROCESS & GROWTH - PowerPoint Presentation Example The company has some set objectives, solutions to problems, and set alternatives to better its services to customers. The breakdown is as depicted in the presentation. Destination care aims at providing better quality services to customers to widen its market share and productivity. The need to set objectives and work to achieve them is a key undertaking of the company, aimed at improving the quality of services offered. Destination Care has a vast focus on the expansion of market share, through widening the customer base. The company is consistently generating new ideas to help improve their revenue streams, and simultaneously better their servicing, public image, and productivity. One of the ways of improving their market share is through the introduction of a variety of payment options. Destination Care has experienced a limiting factor, which is offering only two payment options, cash, and checks. It has hindered the growth of the organization since more and more customers opt for other payment methods, such as the electronic methods. Customers prefer much-simplified systems, such as the electronic means, which is much convenient as opposed to checks where one must await their processing. The company also aims to widen its market coverage through social media promotion. The company plans to better its market share through informing potential customers about their services and new systems. Through this methodology, the company will maximize its revenues, initiated by the wider market for services. Destination Care has a major focus on simplifying their systems and making them easier to use. It will help improve their productivity and better their public image. One of the set plans to achieve this is the introduction of various payment options, which will enable customers to pay their bills easily and conveniently. The current payment systems hinder growth of the organization, and they limit its productivity since some of

Corporate Governance Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Governance Law - Assignment Example According to Turnbull (1999, p. 189), corporate governance is defined as executive procedures and structural organization that is used to manage and direct business towards ensuring financial stability and achievement of objectives. Corporate governance is concerned with the relationship among the Board of Directors, minority shareholders, controlling shareholders, and the management. The history of corporate governance dates back to the nineteenth century when there was increasing emergence of limited liability companies in Europe and America (Klapper and Love, 2003, p. 28). Since then, the system has increased in prominence in many countries across the world because it has proved to contribute to sustainable economic development and the performance of companies. Minow (2002, p. 16) notes that the principles of corporate governance provide the framework for the following: disclosure and transparency, the role of non- financial stakeholders, the Board of Directors responsibilities, r ights of shareholders and other stakeholders and their equal treatment. OECD (2005) states that corporate governance law is at the core of corporate governance and further argue that it provides basis for various aspects of corporate governance hence making it effective. Corporate governance law provides framework for intellectual property, litigation, mergers and acquisitions, and other vital decisions that relate to corporate governance (Minnow, 2002, p. 71). ... Importance of Corporate Governance Before comparing and contrasting Anglo- American model and European model of corporate governance, it is crucial to understand why corporate governance is important and relevant to countries and companies. According to Bhagat and Bolton (2008, p. 260), numerous studies have shown that corporate governance plays an important role in facilitating and guiding the development processes of countries and organizations towards achievement of their objectives. Klapper and Love (2003, p. 33) argue that even though corporate governance is important for all the countries regardless of their social and economic status, the concept is more crucial in achieving public policy objectives in emerging market countries. Good corporate governance is essential in reducing the vulnerability of emerging market to financial crises, contributes to capital market development, reduces cost of capital and transaction costs, and reinforces property rights (La Rocca, 2007, p. 31 2). Basically, corporate governance is critical in addressing the issue of integrity especially regarding how the management and board of companies are discharging their duties. Apart from that, corporate governance provides the basis for setting up regulatory entity; it allows an organization to introduce regulation and oversee the proper implementation of the regulation. Additionally, this concept is vital in enhancing the institutions’ remunerations and financial policies which enable institutions to make profits and prevent the institutions from effects of financial crises (OECD, 2005). According to Minow (2002, p. 30), strong corporate governance practices significantly increase productivity,

Tesla Motors Annual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tesla Motors Annual Analysis - Essay Example Extraordinary events are able to affect the financial standing of any given company because they are unforeseen and unplanned expenses. Natural disasters or things outside the company’s control can cost the company without it being able to plan or cater for the expenses. In the 2013 annual report, Tesla Motors did not report any extraordinary events that affected their financial standing. However, in the notes to financial statements, the company indicated that it has subsequent events, law suits as a result of environmental liabilities and assertion of intellectual property infringement claims by third parties against them in the form of letters. This may have adverse material effects and impacts on their brand, operations, cash flows, prospects and financial standing or position.The two years presented indicates a continued growth and expansion for Tesla Motors over the period. These expansions are both globally as well as nationally as shown by the trends in the companyâ₠¬â„¢s assets and liabilities. Despite the economic hardships experienced in the past ten years, the company increase has been steady. Due to the company’s global expansion and acquisition of new-retail locations, there has been a steady increase in its assets. As the assets increases, liabilities also increase, however, the company’s assets are larger that its liabilities are hence making it to be in good financial standing. The company is therefore capable of meeting their bills and to continue in this trend.

How far was Maragaret Thatcher to blame for her downfall Essay

How far was Maragaret Thatcher to blame for her downfall - Essay Example The concept of collective development through Globalization was a new concept for the British public at that time. Unemployment, Privatization of the public companies and the revised tax system were the main areas were the British public differenced with Mrs. Thatcher which ultimately resulted in her ouster from the prime minister ship. Now the â€Å"Thatcherism† and its importance were recognized by the British public more than ever. Mrs. Thatcher was fortunate enough to witness all such changes in attitudes of the British public against her and her policies. Most of her economic, social and political policies were still debated. Though her policies succeeded in reducing inflation and budget expenditures the people of Britain suffered lot of indirect tax increases, social inequalities and unemployment during her services in the prime minister’s office. â€Å"Even as the rest of Europe toyed with socialism and state ownership, she set about privatizing the nationalized industries, which had been hitherto sacrosanct, no matter how inefficient. It worked. British Airways, an embarrassingly slovenly national carrier that very seldom showed a profit, was privatized and transformed into one of the worlds best and most profitable airlines†1 â€Å"When Margaret Thatcher took office, there were 3 million private shareholders; when she left, there were almost 11 and a half million. The tabloid newspapers latched onto this and joined their broadsheet cousins in publishing alongside the racing columns share market information and news. The popularity of privatization increased as each industry was floated on the stock exchange. When the gas industry was launched, the shares were oversubscribed by 500 percent†2 . â€Å"Before 1987 several key industries and public utilities had been transferred to private ownership, including th e telephone system, the ports, British Gas, Thatcher believed in reduced involvement

Intangible assets Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intangible assets - Research Paper Example The increased globalization of international trade and investment has been accompanied by adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS by many countries. Other reasons for the adoption of IFRS are that international investors can access and understand more information with regards to capital markets and financial statements. In addition, adoption of IFRS decreases the cost of doing business across borders. There are differences on the reporting requirements between US GAAP and IFRS. Firstly, US GAAP differentiates specific financial instruments that are liabilities if they fall within the categorization of being both debt and equity. On the other hand, IFRS requires that such categorization should focus on whether there are contractual obligations involved in delivery of an organization’s own equity shares, cash or assets2. Another key difference relates to the presentation of financial statements. IFRS requires the preparation of a third balance sheet with related notes at the start of the comparative period where an entity restates the financial statements or adopts a new accounting policy. Meanwhile, there are no such requirements under the US GAAP. IFRS forbids presentation of extraordinary items in income statements whilst the US GAAP is confined to unusual and infrequent entries. Under stock costing methods, IFRS is strictly prohibited while under US GAAP LIFO is allowed, but a consistent cost formula must be used. The measurement of stock uses the lower cost of market value in US GAAP whilst IFRS values inventory at the net realizable value or the lower cost 3. The concept of intangible assets is found under US GAAP in (ASC 350) intangibles Goodwill and others (ASC 805) Business combinations and (IFRS 38) Intangible Assets or IFRS 3(R) Business Combinations. Similarly, both systems view intangible assets as identifiable non monetary assets without physical substance. Identifiable

Module Manging orgnisational change & Design Essay

Module Manging orgnisational change & Design - Essay Example It is therefore worth noting that organizations are formations of people, who interact for a common purpose and exhibit good structure with a purposeful coordination of various departments and groups of people within the organization. Organizations as shown have a common goal or purpose as a basic building block and as such, they are often formed to exploit resources for a common good. Organizations may vary in what they do but the commonality of interest in exploitation and mobilization of resources distinct organizations from other types of social set-ups. They are therefore often profit oriented and are formed to pull together resources and exploit them collaboratively for common good. Organizations are formed of people with common motives or ideas. Members in an organization exhibit some traits in shared values, symbols, behaviors and beliefs, which together define the organization culture. Organization culture is a key determinant to any organization’s success in that it guides and influences actions as well as decision making at the organization though unconsciously (Haworth, nd). Organizational culture is a very strong force that is characteristic in an organization though not in a visible form. ... They therefore have distinct links with the external environment, which implies that organizations interact with other forms of systems within the social environment, groups of people, individual persons, communities as well as other organizations. Organizations are not similar but they exhibit a range of variations. The variations notable on organizations are evident in manner of operations, formation, organizations as well as the basic goal for their formation. On a broader view, organizations are distinct on matters of either being public or private. The public organizatiosn are designed and ran by a specific government department under which specific legal provisions apply and influence policy making towards the organization. On the other hand, private organizations are unique in that they are not directly under influence of the government but they are distinct. They are classified into either profit or nonprofit organizations where the activities involved are similar but the mot ives guiding the operations differ. The for-profit organizations exploit resources for profit motive while the non-profit organizations are guided by other motives and not making profit. Seminar Question two: The formation and management of organizations is dependent on particular contexts within which they operate. The organizational context in this regard implies that there are influential circumstances surrounding the working of the group of persons. Context refers to the environment of operations, influencing items in the scope of current operations and an overall setting within which the organization is established and within which the operations take place. Understanding the context within which an organization operates has absolute advantages in that it

JOHN F KENNEDY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

JOHN F KENNEDY - Research Paper Example In that context when John F Kennedy took over the presidency of America, through his benign and confident personality, he ushered in a spirit of positivity and reconciliation. He introduced the American masses to the innate strength of their nation and to a large extent inspired them to work for the good of their country. The good thing is that the positivity Kennedy inspired left a legacy of hope that continues to inspire the Americans even today, when Kennedy is no more. John F Kennedy’s father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was a multi millionaire who accrued his fortunes in banking, stock markets, film industry, and ship building (Kenney 34). John F Kennedy happened to be the second of Joseph Patrick Kennedy’s nine children (Kenney 34). There is no denying the fact that Kennedy was brought up in a family well endowed with fortune and clout. On his mother’s side, Kennedy was related to John F Fitzgerald, his maternal grandfather who at one time also happened to be the mayor of Boston (Kenney 34). In the Kennedy family, competition, hard work and ambition were intensely encouraged amongst children, the traits that were to accompany Kennedy for the rest of his life. In 1941 Kennedy joined the American Navy (Kenney 21). By the time Kennedy got discharged from Navy, his brother Joe was lost to war and the onus to carry on the family ambition and aspirations fell on the shoulders of John F Kennedy (Kenney 21). Kennedy geared up to accept t his responsibility and in 1946, at the age of 29, became a congressman, the outcome of a determinedly and sincerely run campaign (Kenney 28). However, this achievement was still small to wet the ambition of Kennedy and so he decided to fight for the Senate in 1952 (Kenney 28). In 1953 John F Kennedy expanded his social and political clout by marrying Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, associated with a privileged and famous family (Kenney 29). The couple indeed

Income Distribution Essay Example for Free

Income Distribution Essay The total wage of a private sector worker is of US$137, 9 dollars per month; as it is considered that in each family has other income, and the minimum income per family will be of 224 dollars per month. This wage allows family to buy 67% of the basic basket, it is to say a little more than half of all necessary articles, and a restriction of 33% in the consumption of basic articles exists. The dolarization did not mean a revaluation of the wage as the government raised, it rather constituted a cut of the income, since the prices of goods and services were internationalized, while the wages stay depressed, in relation to the life cost. The concentration of wealth and work in Ecuador is acute; 1. The 2 % belonging to the poorest receive 0,015% of the national entrance, and they gain 1270 times less than the wealthier 2% of the population. 2. The 20% belonging to the wealthier receive 58,7% of the national entrance. Poverty: The accumulation of wealth in the hands of the monopolistic groups has like counterpart the poverty and the extreme poverty for the majority of Ecuadorians. In Ecuador the poverty borders 80% of the population and from these, 20% are in extreme poverty. Poverty in Ecuador has a structural character and a massive incidence. It is structural because historically the economic conditions have been created, socially and politically to consign to a great number of the population of its participation in the production and wealth of the country. That is to say, in Ecuador the poverty is not a consequence of the lack of resources or natural wealth but to the form in which the Earth property and other resources have been, and in the relations of dependency with the central capitalist countries. From year 2002 the situation has been more difficult still, the inflation rate (91%), the percentage of the General Budget that the government destined for the payment of the external debt (51%) caused greater poverty. In 2003 the amount that the state will destine for the payment of the external debt, will be of 2. 200 million dollars. CONCLUSION The present essay has studied the historical evolution, present situation and perspective to medium term of the Ecuadorian external debt. We can make a synthesis of the most important aspects of the mentioned analysis, which will allow us to verify the validity of the question posed. The use of external resources with aims of current consumption, mainly on the part of the governmental sector, has been one of the main causes so that the productivity of the outer finance is limited. The loans produce little or no finance and it causes economic yield in the increase of current expenses, which has given rise to the countries finances consumption on the basis of the external saving, and the weight of the debt for the following years was loaded. On the other hand, the elevated rate of triggered internal inflation as of 1990, took place partly due to the funding of the originating resources of the outside by concept of external loans that, through the global budget of the state, entered circulating means. In addition, the high cost of the loans, by the majority including banking credits, in the last years has determined the rate of yield of the capital for the projects financed with external contribution, must be sufficiently high, so that it reaches a greater level than the cost of the external indebtedness. The increase of the imports, mainly as of 1990, has also been a factor affecting the trade balance; therefore it has been necessary to obtain free currencies to pay these external obligations. This growth of imports has been due to a great extent in dependency of the national manufacturing industry, of the capital assets and foreign raw materials. The country has been unable to obtain adequate levels of resource surplus, as a percentage of exports, given the prevailing conditions of export growth and was required to decrease the growth rate of its external debt over time. Even though credit from multilateral is the only source of financing available, it is clear that there is a lack of planning of investment projects. The United States eliminated government funds due to problems of political nature, principally due to the fact that the country has an income per capita of US $ 360 annual. The debt of the private sector has a determining incidence in the deterioration of the balance of payments, although it does not cause a financial load when one is originating currencies of exports, in order to cancel the service of this debt, in 1995 the service of the same one will represent approximately, 8. 5 % of exports of goods and services, whereas for 1998, that relation will raise 12%, level that we considered alarming if it is taken into account that this index, for service of the debt in the public sector, will be, of 20% in 1998. It is evident that the existing legislation in Ecuador, on the administration of the indebtedness, has been a very important factor in the decisions that have been adopted in matter of policy of external financing, although the cases have not been few in which the government has made decisions from economic order moving away of the effective legal procedures, reason why the control problem of the Ecuadorian outer debt is deduced, as a lack of exact fulfillment of the law. The policy of the external indebtedness, from the economic and legal point of view, has had faults as much in its application as in its fulfillment, cause of which the external resources entered the country to finance their way, they do not have an optimal use, specific and productive, and on the contrary they have meant at certain moment a serious limiting economic growth for the country. Therefore we can firmly say: that the external debt has had an impact In Ecuadors Economic development.

Whos Life Is It Anyway Essay Example for Free

Whos Life Is It Anyway Essay The play ‘Whose Life is it Anyway? ’ by Brian Clark explores conflicting issues and views through the protagonist predicament. Having conflict is essential in drama. Conflict is created through disagreement of different perspectives and allows the audience to question their values in society. The three keys areas of conflict that arise in the play are the dignity of choice, professionalism and desire. Dignity of choice is a key conflict that is conveyed throughout the play. Ken is a paraplegic resulted from an accident which stripped him from his dignity of choice, unable to make decisions himself. Throughout the play, dignity of choice has been portrayed effectively in many key scenes which lead to the tension of the issue of euthanasia. A key incident where Ken has had his dignity of choice removed was when he was forced to take the injection as one of a series of measures to keep him alive. The author utilises dramatic techniques to further enhance the conflict of dignity of choice. Contrast is employed to portray the two conflicting ideas in the play between Dr Emerson’s concept and Ken’s notion of the right to be discharged. Ken’s quote: ‘’Don’t stick that thing in me! ’’ suggests his lack of authority over his own decisions as he is powerless against Dr Emerson. Another key conflict that is skilfully portrayed throughout the play is professionalism. Ken has a strong view on his subject of euthanasia and the doctors are having a hard time caring for Ken without being emotionally affected. During the scene with Mrs Boyle, Ken confronts her with many of his own opinions about his rights and decisions. Mrs Boyle being so called ‘’professional’’ by Ken completely ignores Ken and continues with her own perspective of what should happen. Ken says ‘’You doctors with your appalling so-called professionalism, which is nothing more than a series of verbal tricks to prevent you from relating to your patients as human beings’’. This suggests the professionalism of the doctors ignoring the patients as human beings. The play writer uses stage directions to portray the anger which builds up as well as the lack of oxygen built up by the anger and tension, over the ignorance of Ken’s views by Mrs Boyles so called ‘’professionalism’’. The last conflict of desire is presented strongly through the use of techniques and language throughout the play. The playwright uses symbolism, to symbolise Ken as a skateboard. This objectifies Ken, describing him useless and dehumanizes him from normal humans. The conflict of desire is presented as Ken tells Dr Scott that he still has ‘’a man’s mind’’ and feels ‘tremendous sexual desires’ even though he knows that he can never again have a physical relationship. This suggests the conflict of being human or mechanical as he is rendered useless in the face of his desires. Overall, the conflict is essential as it provides issues presented towards both sides and creates the question of values in society. The play writer has successfully achieved his purpose through the use of dramatic devices and has produced a strong purpose in showing the conflicting views and values of euthanasia in our society.

Applications Of Management Information System Information Technology Essay

Applications Of Management Information System Information Technology Essay Here is analysis of the MIS in food services and marketing company Sainsbury. In this report there is information about the managing system of Sainsbury that how they manage their information system to run the organisation. This report is discussion of the importance of managing information system in the Sainsbury focusing gat the three main aspects of study information system. These aspects covers that how to provide information across the various departments of an organisation, how information system facilitates the decision making process and how its applications serves as the efficient means to run the various business processes. It also concludes that how an organisation related to management information system and to improve this system in order to make the organisation more efficient with the mentioned recommendations. Managing information is a process which provides required information used to mange an organisation. This system use to analyse the information regarded to various parts of the organisation in operational activities. This term is used to explain the group of information management methods which are tied to support the human decision making the examples of these are Decision Support System, Expert System and executive information System. MIS is described as the planed system used to collect process, sort and disseminate the data in the form of information used to run the functions of management. A marketing information system is consisting of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate distributive needed and accurate information to marketing decision maker (Philip Kotler, 2000) For understanding the Managing Information System ( Prof. Allen Lee. ,1999) states that the various researches in the information system is more than the technological system or social system or even both simultaneously. Instead of this it also investigates the procedure that happens when these two features interact with each other. Process of MIS User Processes Managing Information Process Data I Information Flows Flows Decisions Managing information process Mainly managing information is a computer based system which provides the various tools for organising, evaluating, decision making and running the various departments of a company. This system work effectively to provide present past and predictive information. MIS work with the software system which help to facilitate the decision making, used database to store data resources, Decision support system, management for people and project application and the computerised process which help the departments to run effectively. Importance of MIS Managing information system is used to collect the information regarding the following areas: Recording the data related to the support function. Data regarding sales and orders Information of purchased Payroll information. Account information Information related to the various business plans and risk management. Information related to customer relationship management. In monitoring the performance of production. In decision making process. Applications of Management Information System What is an Information system? Information system Information system is that area which is concerned with the strategic, managerial includes and operational activities. Which the processing, gathering, storing, distribution and use of information and the technology related to the situation in an organisation. In information system there is people, data, procedures, hardware and software system which are used to collect and analyse the digital. According to Silver Et.al (2004) an information system is implemented within an organisation for the means of improving the effectiveness and efficiently of the company. There are capabilities of information system and characteristics of the organisation, its work system, its people, and its development and implementation methodology gets together to determine the extent by which the desired purpose is achieved. Importance of information system Following are the main features which indicate the importance of the managing information system. Operational excellence New product, services and business models Survival day to day Competitive advantage Improved decision making Information systems regarded as the base of running the business. Every industry incorporate with the information system as it plays a vital role in increasing the productivity. Is usually providing the bas e for new production, ways to run the business, providing services that provide lots of strategic advantages to the company. An information system is that professional system which related to the strategically, managerial and operational level activities and used to collect the information, store it and use that information and the technologies used in it. Source: Project Management for Information 3rd Ed. Prentice hall ( Cadle, J., and Donald, Y., 2001) In business each and every area is depend on the successful collection, storage and application of the information. Clearly information is a collection of data which includes fact and statics. This data collected is always relevant to the particular problem and decisions. T systems are mainly computer based here we can make the example of data about the different products in account department. The data remain data until this data is use to solve the problem, make decision and answer a question. An information system is used to 1. Increase the organisational efficiency. 2. Helping in staying ahead to the competitors. 3. Finding new customers 4. Planning organising leading and controlling the organisation. As there is a continuous development in the technology large scale. Information management are mainly computer based system which are use to access the consumer product and data. now days ecommerce technology carry on the various business processes using electronic formats, internets, software developed by the companies of their own as the internet become widely used.( McKenna, 2002, 142).an effective information system depend upon the interconnection of the various systems . the system even influence the customer loyalty as it gives the pathway to provide good and improved services to them .According to (Mckeena,2002)that if these various systems are interconnected e.g. there is interconnection of Kiosks, cell phones , computers, laptops, car systems this results that the customer become more loyal dependent on them. Sainsbury having an attempt to use this system manually. The relationship between an organisational structure and IT system I snot a simple as one think (Eral,1998) there is always a need of new tools and innovation techniques which are used to manage , interpret and comprehend the existing environment( Beard, 1999). BACKGROUND of company J. Sainsbury plc J Sainsbury plc is a traditional food retailing company. This company is the 3rd largest company in the chain of supermarket of UK. Sainsbury serves in these areas of supermarket, convince stores and Sainsbury bank etc The Sainsbury was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury and his wife Marry Ann. They have the stagey of great products at fair prices and customer services at heart. As this company was traditional its Information System is also traditional. In 2002 when Sir Peter Davis took the charge of CEO of the company, the information system of the company was at mess. There was still use of window 3.1 at the pc of the company and the provider of emails was that old green screen mainframe based system. Then the IT system of Sainsbury was under invested and its ability to respond quickly is impacted by this e.g. the main rival for Sainsbury i.e. Tesco who launched successful club card loyalty scheme , but for this Sainsbury took 16 months to respond . Instead for this they are o n the way to improving and developing in order to give the customers good and quick services. According to the (Annual Report, 2005) it is the major food retailing chain in the Britain. At present there is approximately153, 000employes work there which of them 32% rate full time and for their recovery plan they are going to recruit 3000 extra staff for their recovery plan mainly focus at the customer services (Philip Hampton, Annual Report, 2005). For the further improvement the It system of the company needed to be updated. In order to achieve this task the company decide to update the entire. IT system has giant deal with Accenture for seven tears for 1.8 Billion. The business transformation director and CIO Margreta Miller took charge for managing relationship with the Accenture can have an eagle eye over the whole process. In his interview with Information Age she tells that how they are going to manage their information system in coming future. (www.sainsburys.co.uk) Management Information system in Sainsbury Almost at present all companies have their own Information systems or management. For the various purposes like accounting, stock control and marketing monitor are very common in all. Due to the transfer of power of technology the information system become necessary for the business firms. Information is regarded as the heart beat of an organisation. Without information system a company cannot survive (Papow, 1998). The management information system in Sainsbury was traditional but now there are lots of new innovations regarding this. As the management information system perform main function of the organisation like data collection, data storage, and retrieval of data. The key aspect of a company in only depend upon the technology used by them (Hugo 2006, P.103, 104).due to this Sainsbury come forward to update its information system in advance way. Following are the main aspects of managing information in the Sainsbury. Beside all the things an information system is such that it can be enable to create the website of the company as in these days for online stores it is necessary to have a website of their own (Boyson Harrington 2004) management information system is useful in three main areas as: Â · As a provider for information across the various departments of the company. Â · Facilitates the decision making process at the three tiers of management. Â · Serve as the efficient means for managing business processes. As the name implies the information system provide the information regarding the various departments of the Sainsbury. Following systems are used to provide this information Supply chain strategy of Sainsbury In the supply chain strategy the Sainsbury plc replaces the existing system with new sot wares in order to make the supply chain process more defined there is innovation of Ware House management in the company. The company has the project of 4.5 Euro Billion projects for this. It is bigger step towards the latest technology implementation. Â  Sainsbury Information Direct (SID) according to the present situation all the Sainsburys SCSs are updated with new hardware and software system all these works are handled by the SID. SID an outcome of integrating the principles of the company into easy and smart web portal which is very useful for the customers as well as for the company. PDS It is performance data site which runs to provide the every useful information about the stocks in control, supplier services, customer availability, sales and forecast etc. PDS is used in order to gather all the information regarding these areas. Emptorious It is an integrated system which has the password control system that ensure that only suppliers and haulers and see their own data is this. Emptorium has all the information about the transport management of the company. This system is even used to calculate all the expenses which have to be paid to the suppliers and to the haulers. Ware house management Sainsbury has the integrated and top ranked WHM (ware house management). In to work faster they have to consider at the supply chain management system and fro the supply chain management system is implemented. RFID system The earlier use of this technology was in US Military to locate the position of the enemy. (Mayfield, 2002) From the year 1980 the use of RFID becomes commercial. (Jones, 2004) This is technology which is used the radio frequency to identify the items. (Jones et.2004). RFID is consisting of a small chip which is inserted into the small tags which are attached to the products. And these have the ability to respond the various frequencies that stored in the tag system then through the computer all data processed is then collected, (Attaran, 2007). Use of RFID in retailing process As the bar code system is quite common in the retail industry for last 25 years. By this the product can be scanned easily. But if the bar code is damaged or tampered in cant be possible to read that bar code. On the other hand in RFID there e is no such situation. It can identify multiple items at one time. So the RFID is very effective in the retailing process for the company. Information System in the decision making process at three tiers of management level Decision making process is very important part of the company but this part is purely depend upon the information system of the company information regarding the various departments and financial areas used to make the decisions. Decision making at three levels of management Alerts and Resolution Management System (ARS) This is web based system used by the Sainsbury. This system enables the company to know the is he the position of the company. It helps to locate the top position for any business issue that can be arise, affect the relationship at work and to increase the supply chain management. There is indirect relation regarding the performance management. As an organisation Sainsbury is aware of that the importance of communication is the key to supply chain management. ARM feature to provide the performance data which includes reports and alerts and this information then manages the problems by sending the alerts to Sainsbury. These Informational alerts are very useful to get the results regarding the various departments. by the collection these results a management resolution cycle and the recipients work together to solve problems(Supply Chain Management Review, 2004) certain level, the Sainsburys buyer and supplier are informed why there is a problems and where it stems from. So if there is a problem Sainsburys can work through that problem with the supplier with all parties having the same base information (Mike Quinn, CEO Epos; 2005). EDI Cost File Exchange (CFE) CFE is the process in which there is regular check of cost price of the product in their RMS. If these prices are not same then that organisation will not paid to their suppliers. This supplier CFE information is transmitted every weekly through EDI. Benefits In addition to all the financial information is also very important in the decision making process as the data or information collected give the clear idea about the growth, expenditure , sales , profit/ loss etc. Profitability Ratios According to Maclaney and Atrill (2002) the profitability ratio clearly gives the idea that success of the company the profitability ratios of Sainsbury: Profitability Ratios 2004 2003 Return on Capital Employed 8.53% 9.29% Return on Equity 7.64% 8.95% Gross Profit Margin 8.65% 8.14% Net Profit Margin 3.91% 4.25% Information system in business process For the business process the importance of the information system cant be defined. It is base for all the processes as each and every process can be handled with the information provided. For a successful business information technology should be efficient and must be up-to-date as it provides the data to the managerial process through the tactical and operational level. Management information system is an effective tool for process the business. Conclusion From the above matter it is concluded that the managing information system is the heart of the business. A business cant live without it and even its condition also affects the condition of the company. In Sainsbury plc there is new updated m information system which includes the new technological innovations. The acquisition if IT system is remarkable steps towards the making of organisation strong and give path to position in the competition. This is the IT system that covers all the areas like information of various departments, decision making process and to run the business process in an effective way. There is some fluctuation due to supply chain management. The thing is that supply chain become more difficult for the retailing food. Recommendations The company has to apply the information technology for the improvement to its relationship and connection with different area in the supply chain management. Mega portal can be used as it is online and internet based information and services which can easily accessed by using the different devices like personal computers and cell phones. It can help the manger handle all the information in better way. The company has to make the unified data picture regarding the various transaction of the company. As the manager has the responsibility to see the customer value they must provide the enough products on the shelves and the arrangement of the short queues. The Sainsbury should have the stock in back warehouse so that when the product is out of stock the customer should not wait until this information pass though the whole system and May takes days for it. They must emphasise over to boost their sales to meet their objectives. They have to be focused on more marketing of the products. They have the option to add the bio products or fair trading products to seek the first choice of the customers.

The Cyclic Relationship Between Culture And Technology :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Trying to determine the effect of culture on technology is a difficult task. This is due to the cyclic nature of the relationship between culture and technology. Working with the general notion of culture (1), it is easy to see why the task of analyzing the effect of culture on technology is hard. This is because technology itself is part of this definition of culture, â€Å"all other products of human work and thought† (2). In a sense, we are trying to find the effect of culture on culture itself, which initially sounds strange. However, considering technology as one of the venues that a given culture utilizes to transform itself, the challenge to examine the effect of culture on technology can be narrowed down to the investigation of the cyclic relationship between culture and technology. Thus, this paper discusses, what we will label, ‘technology-induced cultures’ and ‘culture-induced technologies’, in order to show the feedback loop between cultur e and technology. The class readings provide several instances of how technology affects and transforms its encompassing culture (i.e. the culture that was responsible for bringing forth the very same technology). One such technology is agriculture. The hunting and gathering way of life was already being saturated when the world population was about 4 million. With human population reaching 200 million by 200 B.C., it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to survive by just gathering and hunting. (3). Even though it is hard to claim that early man consciously pursued agriculture as the solution to this problem, it is uncontested that the hunter-gatherer society is the culture that was responsible for the invention of agriculture, as Ehrlich points out, â€Å"agriculture was thus invented gradually, piecemeal, and quite probably sometime reluctantly as groups changed time-honored lifestyles†(Ehrlich 15/26). The effect of this technology on the hunter-gatherer society was phenomenal, as it â€Å"put humanity on the road to sociopolitical complexity†(Ehrlich 17/26). The constant mobility as well as the scarce resources involved with the hunting and gathering way of life did not allow for the development of a complex society, as Ehrlich explicitly mentions, â€Å"Without the ensuring agricultural revolution and the sedentary life and divisions of labor it eventually made possible, cultural evolution could never have produced our complex modern civilization. Without farming, which freed some people of the chore of wrestling nourishment from the environment, there would be no cities, no states, no science, and no mayors†(4).

Technology vs Organic Essay -- Agricultural Research

Humanity’s timeline illustrates the past, present and future of human beings; commencing nearly 200,000 years ago when Homo sapiens first diverged from its ancestors (Evans,1998). For the next 188,000 years humans were content to forge and live within the constructs of a hunter-gatherer societal organization. Approximately 12,000 years ago agricultural systems began appearing in various places around the world. An astonishingly short period of time later the Agricultural Revolution transformed human ecology, social organization, demography, culture, and religion (Fagan: 2007). Man wholeheartedly embraced the sweeping changes bought on by agriculture and domestication, which definitely proved key to the long run success of agriculture and domestication as a primary method of procuring sustenance. Despite a rapidly changing world, basic and primal human nature and desire remain utterly unchanged. The most fundamental of these challenges is the establishment of an adequate supply of food. The modern food infrastructure employed by contemporary society is rooted in the creation and innovation of food production. Its effective utilization decreases the level of societal labor contribution required and discourages food shortage trepidation amongst individuals. It is hard to fathom given the current status of our society massive agricultural-industrial complex that the hunter-gatherer organization of society dominated for more than 99 percent of our existence (Fagan: 2007). The hunter-gatherer population was characterized by their primary subsistence method, which involved the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild. The primary methods employed were foraging and hunting, which were conducted without any sig... ...y 22.New challenges in food preservation. (2011): 121-126. ScienceDirect. Web. 4 May 2012. Paarlberg, Robert. "The Ethics Of Modern Agriculture." Society 46.1 (2009): 4. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 4 May 2012. Evans, L. T. (1998). Feeding the Ten Billion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Fagan, Brian M. June 2007 World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Chapter 5: The Origins of Food Production. Prentice Hall. University of California: Santa Barbara. Pg 126, 129, 132, 132-133, 133, 133-134, 136-137, 137-138, 138 Pringle, Heather November 1998 Science Neolithic Agriculture: The Slow Birth of Agriculture. Vol. 282. No. 539: Pg. 1446 Porter, J., & Rasmussen, J. (2009). Agriculture and Technology. En B. J. Olsen, S. A. Pedersen, & V. Hendricks, A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology (pà ¡gs. 285-289). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell

Horatio: A True Friend of Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeares Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a tragic play. Most of the characters in the play have selfish motives at heart. Lust, greed, pride, and revenge are just a few sins that are committed in the play. There are few instances within the play that show goodness and kindness. Hamlet has so many people around him trying to bring him down, but he had one friend that was loyal to him, and that was Horatio. The other key characters in the play were only out for their own good. However Horatio was looking out for Hamlet. Unfortunately, Horatio was the only one. Gertrude was Hamlet’s mother. She was a selfish and evil woman. She cheated on Hamlet’s father with Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. She married Claudius a month after her husband’s death. Gertrude wanted Hamlet to stop his grieving. She told Hamlet, â€Å"thou know’st ‘tis common, all that lives must die, passing through nature to eternity† (I.2.72-73). When Hamlet was depressed and grieving, it reminded Gertrude of the terrible sin she had committed. She wanted Hamlet to be happy just so she could feel better about herself. Throughout the play Gertrude’s motives do not waiver; she looks out for her own well being. Claudius is Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. He had an affair with Hamlet’s mother and murdered Hamlet’s father. Claudius cared for no one in the play but himself. There were very few happy moment for Hamlet in the play, but one came when he made a play within the play. Hamlet wanted to see the reaction the Claudius had to the scene on the play where they show how the king was murdered. Claudius’ reaction to the scene was astounding. â€Å"Give me some light. Away!†(III.2. 255). Hamlet saw his reaction and knew for sure that Claudius killed his father. Claudius was a horrible uncle ... ...e end. This play is not a typical happy ending type of play. In fact there are very few happy moments in the play. I do not think that Shakespeare intended for someone to walk away with a warm feeling in his or her heart. I am not sure of the real reason he wrote the play and what it was he wanted the audience to learn from it. I learned that revenge is something that can take over your mind and cause someone to do things that they would not normally do. It seems that Shakespeare was trying to teach us to search inside of ourselves and not let the outside world influence us in any way. Maybe he was trying to show us that we all need good friends like Horatio. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. 7th ed.Ed Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2004. 1307-1406

Organizational Metaphors Essay

The two metaphors that I am about to describe to you are machines and organisms. I am also going to note what each metaphor suggests about how humans and their behavior are perceived in the organization. I will also let you know the similarities and differences in the two metaphors. Also conclude on how the ability to switch between metaphors might enhance effective leadership and organizational behavior. The machines one tends to think of inputs and outputs, standardization, productivity, measurement, and control. The organization tends to want the workers to just perform the mechanics of the job. They want them to not think about what to do, just perform with manpower. They just wanted them to be the energy to propel the organizational machine. The jobs they were required to perform were more simplified so that the workers were cheap and easy to train, supervise, and replace. This helped them to interchange workers as they needed at any given time. The human behavior perceived in this machines metaphor was they were just there to do their job and they had no input in what was being done. This metaphor showed me how an organization can perceive a worker in their job functions. Some organizations make their employees feel that they are just a body there doing the work that needs to be done. The organism metaphor is a living system existing in a wider environment depending on the workers various needs. There is no one best way to design or manage an organization. The flow of information between different parts of the systems and its environment is the key to the organization’s success. It is important to maximize the fit between individual, team and organizational needs. This metaphor represents the organization as an ‘open system’. Organizations are seen as sets of interrelated sub-systems designed to balance the requirements of the environment with internal needs of groups and individuals. This metaphor informed me how a worker can be perceived as an organism in a system. They can learn and adapt to different things in the job functions. As far as the similarities in organisms and machines, they both want their businesses to be profitable. The differences are organisms are more receptive to environmental feedback than machines. Machines tend to be more efficient and do things in an orderly way. Machines can only be replaced or repaired; they cannot develop. In knowing what one’s employees are as far as the metaphors of the organization, you will then be able to adapt to each set of employees in their job functions. If one would know what metaphor they pertain to, one will know how to lead them in the right direction in advancement in their job performance. Let’s say one would have an employee that doesn’t have as much self-esteem as the other employee, you would have to handle them more carefully than with the employee that has more self-esteem. You would just need to motivate and encourage them in a positive way so that they know they can achieve anything that comes up. Organizational metaphors can determine how we think about organizations and affect how we work and make decisions. Morgan (2006) has explored and developed the art of reading organizations and letting us comprehend the conflict and complexity of the organization. If managed in ways that link strategic thinking, active executive search, and careful organizational development, leadership transitions can advance the purposefulness of the organization. Leaders take their roles on boundaries, thus regulating the flow of uncertainty from a fast changing wider environment such that their units have focus and a calmer context within which to do work. We must see that organizations exist in the socioeconomic environment the way fish exist in the ocean, and the way we exist in the physical environment. In knowing the similarities and differences in each metaphor, the manager of the organization will be able to use the organism in the area that it is needed the most and also use the machine in the area where it is needed the most. The organism can adapt to different environments and the machine can perform repetitively the same functions. The metaphors are most valuable in the organization once you train and coach ones employees, you will know which metaphor is best used within the organization.

Hebrew Israelites Essay

A psychologist is planning to conduct a study that would examine pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationships. You have been asked to provide the psychologist with a recommendation for which research method should be used to gather data on the pathological liars and their spouses. Using the table below list each research method and its advantages and disadvantages for use in this study. Make your recommendation to the psychologist and explain the rationale behind your choice. Your response should be 100-200 word After reading and understanding the 5 methods of research, my recommendation would be to use a combination of naturalistic observation and case study. Being that the research will be done on pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationship, I thought the best way to get true research would be to go the more natural ways. Naturalistic observation is observing the participant in their everyday life, and what better way to understand someone’s relationship then seeing how they interact on a day to day basis. There are also, disadvantages to naturalistic method, the participants may not act as they would do normally, and since this research is on pathological liars, that may not be fully affective. That is where I believe using the case study method would be helpful, using different methods, such as interviewing the spouses separately and preforming psychological tests.

Organizational Vision and Visionary Organizations

Upendra Gupta 28-NOV-12 Organizational Vision & Visionary Organizations (Summary) Purpose of the Article: In this article authors presents the importance of vision statement and framework that help any organization in order to achieve successfully and all stakeholders involved focus for targeting common goals. It also shows the importance and need of framework that’s required for organization vision. Most of the organizations focus on vision in order to fulfill their mission statement.Normally all of these vision or mission statements contain so many inspirational words that attract not only employees but outsider investors as well. Organization Vision is something is that’s required compelling, guiding force for mission statement. Terminologies: * Guiding Philosophy: It’s the starting point of vision frame where organization vision focuses on decisions, policies and actions for all phase of evolution. It resides in the background, ever-present and in the woodwor k and it is deep and serene. Core values and Beliefs: These are the organization's basic precepts about what is important in business and life, how business should be conducted, its view of humanity, its role in society, the way the world works, and what is to be held inviolate. It may be focused about customers, people, products and management ; business. * Purpose: It is second part of guiding philosophy and in the woodwork of the organization and is not set or created as much as it is recognized or discovered. * Environment: It serves a moderating role in the translation of purpose into mission.By its very nature, guiding philosophy is generated relatively free of current environmental conditions—it comes from within people. Missions, on the other hand, will be affected by the environment—they are affected by timing, trends, technology, and other external factors. * Tangible Image: Its second major component of vision framework. It is in the foreground, focusing peo ple's attention on a specific goal and also a bold, exciting, and emotionally charged. * Mission: It is a clear and compelling goal that serves to unify an organization's efforts.Mission can be set by 4 approaches: Targeting, Common Enemy, Role Model, and Internal Transformation. * Vivid description: It is an organization’s opportunity to express in detail what it will feel like to achieve their goal. It represents a vibrant, engaging, and specific description of what it will be like when the mission is achieved and provokes emotion and generates excitement. Major Findings or Arguments: * Report what was actually found to be true: Articulating an effective corporate vision can be difficult. However, it’s positively mentioned by author in the article.He advised how and why vision and impudent goals are at the core of â€Å"the stable great company† and reveals the evolution of the visionary organization. He also describes a framework for expressing a vision for y our company. There is significant relationship between visionary major components called guiding philosophy and tangible images. Both of the components also have other elements that pay a key role for vision framework. Author presented few examples like Giro sport design and Merck pharmaceuticals that shows real strength of core values and beliefs along with proper illustration of entire vision framework in actions.Overall, guiding philosophy of the organization becomes operationalized in the tangible image, and it takes organization's expected future environment into account. In Sense, environment serves a moderating role in the translation of purpose into mission. * Criticize them by your own thoughts: I believe that organization creates vision keeping in mind of people interest and deviate the purpose and mission organization supposed to achieve. Balancing act amongst all the components for vision frame needs to align keeping in mind of people, customers, about products and manag ement & business.Organization shouldn’t just concentrate on nice vision or mission statement but also focus on meeting the target by good mean. They should always keep in mind core values and beliefs as it’s important as per any individual perspective and affects a lot if not met under guideline. I also think that a unified organizational vision helps an organization may provide direction and purpose of our core values internally and externally, in a well-articulated and easily understood way Encourages team sprit by building loyalty through involvement and shared commitmentOrganizations need to understand that mission should not be mixed with its purpose. Mission should have finite end line and purpose should be broader way to get next mission of the organization. Few of the organizations like ford and NASA had suffered where their mission met early and nothing was target for later. Authors mentioned that missions should not be limited by the constraints of strategic analysis. Its setting should be proactive, not reactive and strategic analysis should be done after not during the mission-setting process.Without a strong vision, strategic plans might not be properly executed since there is no guiding principle or over bending plan. Methodology As part of the understanding the vision, total 75 organization of small or big, young or Old and for-profit and not-for-profit are chosen that have influenced the development of vision framework. 20 of them are picked up by CEOs of top leading companies for the study that has most visionary organizations that have behaved in visionary ways over long periods of time.Complete analysis done based upon vision provided and achieved by most of the successful organization as how they established their vision and last for 100 years and so. Application of the research: I think this study will be helpful for the organizations who want to present facts through their vision or mission statements. It gives proper guidel ine how it may impact the organizational growth if vision framework components are properly aligned as per market needs and doesn’t satisfy truly organization common goals.Nevertheless, it is clear without a vision statement, an organization's performance and culture would be similar to a ship without a wheel. Organizational vision brings a sense of purpose to an organization. A vision statement acts like a filter which enables the people and management decide what to do and more importantly what not to do in their everyday work life. Questions: 1. How does organization vision gets impacted if leader of the organizations quits and original vision was prepared by him/her? 2.What are the other features than vision framework that distinguish visionary organization? 3. Will this organization vision framework be applicable to each and every country in the world? If not then how will it differ? References: 1. Article 7 Collins_Vision_1991 2. http://www. leadershipreview. org/2008fa ll/article1_fall_2008. asp 3. http://www. scribd. com/doc/109265760/Correlation-Between-Organizational-Thinking-amp-Strategic-Vision 4. http://www. help4nonprofits. com/NP_Bd_MissionVisionValues_Art. htm

Looking for loans

The problem with borrowing money from a rich uncle for starting a business is that 1) the funds can be stopped at any time; 2) your uncle ordinarily can not provide the practical advice necessary for growing the business; and 3) your relationship with your uncle might be ruined if the business goes under. Two alternate methods of looking for loans are as follows: SBA loans and venture capitalists SBA administers three separate, but equally important loan programs. SBA sets the guidelines for the loans while SBA’s partners (Lenders, Community Development Organizations, and Microlending Institutions) make the loans to small businesses. SBA backs those loans with a guaranty that will eliminate some of the risk to the lending partners. (www.sba.gov) The advantages of a SBA loan is that often it is usually easier to get a SBA loan as opposed to   a traditional bank loan and the SBA itself is an invaluable resource of information and classes about starting a small business. Venture capital is money made available for investment in innovative enterprises or research, especially in high technology, in which both the risk of loss and the potential for profit may be considerable.   Venture capitalist finance startups in exchange for a share of stock once the company goes public.   Normally, financing is done in rounds.   For example, a company is given 12 million dollars and, once that money is exhausted, it applies for another round of financing. Venture capital is mostly limited to high tech companies and is hard to obtain.   Only one in a thousand prospects presented before a venture capitalist actually gets funded.   Also, it takes time and money to make presentations to venture capitalists. Most venture capitalists are located in large metropolitan areas, such as Silicon Valley; hence, if you have a business located outside a large metropolitan area, you should factor in the travel time involved in contacting venture capitalists into your decision to use venture capital as a source of funding.   Also depending solely on venture capital for funding is risky because financing rounds are not guaranteed.   Your company may have to suddenly close down if you find that you have exhausted your round of financing without turning a profit. â€Å"SBA Financing Basics† (n.d.).   Retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/financing/basics/basics.html References â€Å"

To what extent was the international situation in January 1933 conducive to Hitler achieving his foreign policy aims?

The extent to which the international situation in January 1933 was conducive to Hitler achieving his foreign policy aims is debatable. There are a variety of factors which both assisted and hindered Hitler in achieving his aims. Some key aims of foreign policy were as follows, to destroy communism, to unite the German speaking population, to wipe out the Jews, to colonise the East and to revenge Germany's defeat from the First World War. Some of the key factors which need to be looked at include the lack of agreement over how to deal with Germany, the internal weakness of Western countries, the weakness of the League of Nations, the defensive attitudes of certain countries and successor states. Many countries, particularly France had a defensive mentality towards Germany, as a repeat of the First World War was certainly not wanted. British foreign policy under Baldwin was based upon public opinion. The horrors of the First World War meant that there was a â€Å"never again mentality† which can be shown by the oxford union debate in February 1933 which voted on the motion â€Å"that this House would not fight for King and country. There was also strong public opposition to rearmament and many thought rearmament would only antagonise Hitler. Due to France's worry of being invaded again the Maginot line defence fortification was constructed in the years 1929-1938. This defence fortification however was hardly a problem to Hitler at all. This was because of the fact that it stopped at the Belgian border, which meant that there was still corridor open if Germany wanted to invade both France and Belgium. Furthermore France was politically divided and had 11 governments between 1932 and 1935. This therefore meant that there was rival ideology of fascism and communism and so there were no clear policies as to what to do with the German problem. French foreign policy was inconsistent. This meant that France's reactions to Hitler were delayed and weak and so therefore gave Hitler more encouragement. In contrast however France had the desire to develop links and ally with countries on Germany's eastern borders such as Czechoslovakia and Romania. This therefore hindered Hitler as it gave France further defence and support. There was a clear lack of agreement between the powerful countries as to what to do about Germany. France was very concerned at the possibility of a German threat and had wanted very harsh Versailles terms whereas Britain was preoccupied with its empire and favoured with a revision of peace. If the Treaty of Versailles was to be probably implemented it needed the support of the USA who failed to ratify the treaty in 1920. The United States then withdrew into isolationism. It can therefore be seen that the European powers were not able to enforce peace alone. It can be seen that the League of Nations both assisted and hindered Hitler in achieving his foreign policy aims. As the USA and USSR were not members of the League of Nations until 1934 they were not able to be part of making decisions and so gave Hitler and Germany more freedom. Key evidence to show how the League of Nations was a failing peacekeeping organisation and thus assisting Hitler is from the Manchuria crisis in 1931. In this year Japan invaded Manchuria in China; the League of Nations took no effective action. However, the League of Nations itself, although weak clearly limited Hitler's opportunities. The League was an international body set up in order to preserve peace and prevent aggression. Furthermore it had the power to call for economic sanctions and military actions by member states. It can therefore be seen that the League of Nations hindered Hitler's foreign policy, but only to a certain extent due to its weakness and lack of effective action. When Hitler came to power in January 1933 he told the world he wanted to rid Germany of the problems of the Versailles Treaty in order to make her strong once more. To achieve this goal the country needed massive rearmament. Hitlers reply in February 1933 to a proposal from the Reich Ministry of Transport to build a reservoir shows the extent to which, in his view, the policy of rearmament was more important than anything else: ‘The next five years in Germany had to be devoted to rendering the German people again capable of bearing arms. Every publicly sponsored measure to create employment had to be considered from the point of view of whether it was necessary with respect to rendering the German people again capable of bearing arms for military service.' Since 1922 under the Rapallo pact Germany had been rearming in the USSR and hade economic links. This clearly shows how the international was conducive to Hitler's aim of rearmament. Also In December 1932 there was a major conference over disarmament, where little happened. By 1933 it can be seen that Germany had in fact secured a substantial revision of the Treaty of Versailles as Germany was now a member of the League of Nations, rearmament was no longer subject to scrutiny and reparations had been, in effect, cancelled (at Lausanne, 1932) Various countries surrounding Germany contained German minorities and so this can be seen as an advantage to Hitler's foreign policy. An important aim of Hitler's was to unite all Germans, with many Germans in other countries it would be easier for Hitler to take over them. This is primarily because it is likely that the Germans in these countries, such as Czechoslovakia (300,000), Poland and Danzig (95%) would rather be part of Germany and would welcome German expansionism. In addition to this all of these countries were small and militarily and political weak which therefore means there would be little opposition. Also many Austrians were in favour of becoming part of Germany. The German Domestic situation however was also important to Hitler's Foreign policy aims. In 1933 Hitler had only just made Chancellor and there were only the Nazis in government other than Hitler. This means that it is likely Hitler would have little support in government. Furthermore Hitler was dependent upon elite support and Hindenburg as President could still remove Hitler. In conclusion it can be seen that there is evidence both for against the international situation being conducive to Hitler's Foreign policy aims. Whilst factors such as the USA being isolationist and the lack of agreement over how to deal with Germany were helpful to Hitler, others such as strong public opinion against war and Hitler being leader of a collation government show the problems that Hitler had to overcome.

Drinking Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drinking Alcohol - Essay Example There have been studies that indicate that the effect of alcohol on a person’s brain increases the occurrence of accidents (vehicular), violent tendencies and aggressive behavior, more serious psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, short attention span); and hampering of the brains abilities to function well. Hypothesis: An increase in the consumption of alcohol increases the tendency for people to become socially aggressive and thereby, the victim of bullying would respond by getting retribution for the physical aggression received from the bully. According to Buddy T. â€Å"in all 50 states, the legal limit for drunk driving is a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level of .08. A 120-pound woman can reach a .08 BAC level after only two drinks and a 180-pound man can be at .08 after only four drinks† (2010, par. 2). Experimental Process: Three sets of samples (say 5 victims of bullying to drink alcohol in excess of legal limits, 5 victims not to drink, 5 victims to drink just within the legal limit) would be taken and asked to drink as prescribed. They would then be asked to confront their bullies and react according to their state of mind. The frequency and kind of socially aggressive behavior would then be identified, measured and noted according to the sample and control groups. Validity Procedures: Choose sample randomly but with almost the same gender and age as well as the kind of bullying applied (The direct form involves behavior that aims to physically harm the victim through any of the following means: hitting, kicking, pushing (Carbone-Lopez, et.al, 2010, 333) and fighting, flicking, throwing, shoving, hair pulling (Parentline, 2006,

Narrative Description and Reflection Assignment

Narrative Description and Reflection - Assignment Example The book offers directions on issues relating to problem solving, critical thinking and creativity. Teachers can implement active learning by using this book to get information on previous cases and the results that were achieved. Borasi and Rose have been focusing on how to improve the college algebra course by introducing journal writing as a means of allowing students to reflect on the contents of the course and encourage them to share their feelings. This article defines the educational value of engaging students to practice journal writing. Its main objective is to show the potential contribution that writing can provide in terms of the student’s writing and communication skills and encouraging independent thinking. A journal writing process designed for classrooms is also presented with other suggestions and recommendations on how to effectively encourage personal writing. The evaluation procedures and design will save instructors time in application and improve student’s participation. This article will offer help to instructors who have not yet adopted the model of journal writing in the classes by simplifying the complexity in introducing students to writing. Emig is among the first originators of writing to learn methodology. She argues that writing presents a special way of learning different from reading, talking and listening. In this book, she differentiates the nature of writing from other means of learning while taking note of problems in courses that primarily focus on reading and listening only. The book tries to show how writing is an active learning process by defining it as an organic process that engages a person in whole. The chapters elaborate that writing involves use of the eyes, hands and the brain making it a unique multi-representational mode for learning. In the last chapter, the book relates writing to the journals and notes that are a

Emotional Models Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emotional Models Comparison - Essay Example It is stated by Robert Masters that feeling is an emotion that is physiologically based, but is sometimes also psychologically orientated; and emotion is psychosocially constructed, dramatized feeling. But there are a range of other definitions that defines emotion such as: In psychology and common use, emotion is the language of a person's mental state of being, normally based in or tied to the person's internal (physical) and external (social) sensory feeling. Love, hate, courage, fear, joy, sadness, pleasure and disgust can all be described in both psychological and physiological terms. Incidents of coordinated changes in several areas, including what has been called the 'reaction triad' of physiological arousal, motor expression, and subjective feeling, in response to either an internal or an external event of significant importance to an individual. To better understand the concept of emotion and the reason why it is difficult to define the term, it is necessary to compare the models developed by philosophers and academics such as William James, Carl Lange, Walter Cannon and Stanley Schachter. These are only some of the scholars who have made inroads in the field of emotions. This theory refers to the origin and nature of emotions theory developed independently by two scholars, William James and Carl Lange in the 19th century.

THE APPLE CASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

THE APPLE CASE - Essay Example In relation to manage global innovation, it has been apparently observed that the company has utilised latest technological advancements and effectual business strategies with the intention of offering better services as well as products to its valuable customers. Moreover, the company invests a significant portion particularly in its research and development (R&D) segment in order to manage global innovation within the electronics industry. Furthermore, the company employ improved marketing as well as promotional techniques for providing advanced technological and feature enriched products or services to its broad base of customers. Thus, it can be stated that the company focuses upon the important aspects that include introduction and development of advanced technologies and enhanced execution of marketing techniques among others for the purpose of managing global innovation within its organisation and the similar industry (Apple Inc., 2012). This discussion will emphasize upon determining the practices, models and theoretical perspectives of technology policy and the management of technological innovation relating to Apple. Various aspects such as the interrelationship between the external environment on innovation and issues in international technological management associated with Apple will also be portrayed in the discussion. With regard to the practice and theoretical perspective of technology policy and the management of technological innovation, it has been viewed that Apple has utilised the strategy of continuous developing its R&D segment as well as employing advanced technologies in order to improve its competitiveness in the global market. In this similar context, the company adopted the motto of â€Å"Think Different† for providing innovative as well as unique products to its customers as a form of managing global innovation. It can be broadly affirmed that technology is regarded as one of

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports - Essay Example The drama of performance on world scene is so overpowering that athletes sometime fall in the controversy of doping (use of performance enhancing drugs) in sports. A winning athlete is the star of the public eye just as a politician, musician or a literary figure and their image is a delicate balance training, character and publicity. When athlete resorts to taking performance enhancing drugs, they not only hurt themselves but in turn set in motion a chain of events that destroys the sport each time a new case surfaces. The controversy which has been built around athletic doping or use of performance enhancing drug to maximize sport performance can be traced back to 490 BC in the legendary marathon run by Feidipides, which made him a superhero at the cost of his life (Savulescu, et al. 2004). Performance enhancing drugs has been reported to be used even since the Greeks started the Olympics in 776 BC. Olympic athletes were believed to have used herbs and mushrooms in an attempt to improve their performance. However, it was not until the early 19th century that the problem became a menace to the sport. Today, the thrust for winning is so high that there are reports that performance-enhancing drugs have been used in college, high school and junior high/middle school athletics around the world (Kidsource OnLine, 1996). The desire to outperform the other competitors at any cost is so demanding. The performance oriented athletics with result at its core is fuelled by different levels of drugs which enhance shot-term and long-term performance. The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. ... The progress in technology offers greater lure to administering different levels of biological intervention. The health and the fitness should be the core of rational judgment rather than emotional euphoria of success. The use of doping takes away the human element of ethics and honesty in sports. An athlete stoops down to the level of an animal with no reason, choice or judgment. Some of the performance-enhancing drugs are dangerous; they have multitude physical, mental and emotional side effects ranging from short-term to long-term. Anabolic steroids are associated are associated with a range of side effects, including heart attacks and liver cancer. Some doping substances are permitted in low doses like alcohol and caffeine. Another form of doping is blood doping either by blood transfusion or use of the hormone erythropoietin. In recent times tetrahydrogestrinone(THG) and modafinil are causing controversy throughout the sporting world. The number and variety of drugs use by athletes are rather alarming. Substances used as ergogenic aids are meant to primarily increase size, endurance and strength of the athletes. Performance increasing drugs also include beta-adrenoceptor blockers and beta-adre noceptor agonists, calcium-channel blockers, diuretics, growth hormone and growth hormone stimulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, iron, theophylline and in some situations, vitamins (Lajis, N.D.). These substances used to boost athletic performance, increase strength and improve appearance present a serious health risk. Use of enhancement drugs violates athlete's autonomy. Besides, such illegal acts questions their confidence, morals, ethics and takes away

Access to Special Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Access to Special Education - Case Study Example While there are numerous approaches which have been adopted in combating HIV/AIDS, it has become essential to enhance the general knowledge of the population regarding the disease. In Zimbabwe, 15% of the population in the country have been infected by the disease (UNAIDS, 2012). This is worrying statistic which requires immediate action for the country to achieve the MDG goal number 6 of the United Nations. While the country has made significant progress and resulted in reduction of people infected with the disease, there is still a challenge in developing a long term solution. The programmes adopted within the country to fight the epidemic are commonly spearheaded by the National AIDS Council (NAC), non- governmental organisations, and Intergovernmental organisations, academic and religious organizations. These organizations have achieved a significant impact in the fight against HIV/ AIDS within the country. An education programme focusing of the young people will be implemented seeking to integrate education on HIV/AIDS within the school curriculum. Both private and public schools are believed to have the capability and significant influence on the information spread among the young generations within the population. The integration of and education programme for AIDS will be critical in ensuring the young people understand the nature of the epidemic and specific actions which they can take in prevention of the disease. Specific emphasis on prevention will be focused on the adolescents and early adulthood when the people become sexually active. The scope of the content presented within this programme will be determined locally in order to ensure consistency with the community and parental values of the society. Community participation in the projects will be critical in the programme because of some controversial issues which regard social values and norms of the people. The disease