Relationship Between Public and Private Police Essay

Relationship between Public and Private Police By: Marsha Dailey Axia College at University of Phoenix Many years ago the public police were those who were responsible for keeping the peace, and making sure that society was kept safe within the jurisdiction that they patrol. Private security at one time was not very popular because of the cost that a company or citizen would have to pay, and many years ago many people could not afford to have private security watch the properties or companies. Today private security and public police can be found working together to keep society safe. These two types of security can be found at numerous places such as school events, sporting events, and stores. Most of the security officers who†¦show more content†¦Private security officers can typically perform a negative act without any consequence. Usually a private security officer can usually pass his or her mistake onto the company that he or she works for because of a technicality within the policy and procedures. Private security is utilized more often in the last 10 years or so than it once was. Today most celebrities, politicians, and executives of major companies have private security hired as body guards, and this can be because public security is not available at all times and cannot accommodate the needs of the customers. Businesses and private home owners have also moved away from the public officers to private security to protect them and their assets. Private security officers can also been seen protecting malls, airports, and even casinos. The relationship between the private security industry and public police officers has started to become more positive. The politicians within the communities that have more private security hired has begun to understand the importance of having private security work alongside police officers. The need for more police officers to patrol and protect society is not feasible because of the lack of funding that cities receive. Communities are always safer when there is more security protecting whether it is by public pol ice officers, private security, or a mixture of both. People of the communities have begun to realize thatShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Private and Public Police919 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship Between Private and Public Police CJS 250 July 25, 2010 Relationship between Private and Public Police Private police and public police are important to society. Both are necessary to the protection of society, whether it is protecting one’s business and personnel or it is protecting one from personal harm. Both are responsible for crime deterrence. The relationship between private and public police is one that has been debated for many years. In some views the relationshipRead MoreRelationship Between Public and Private Police1028 Words   |  5 PagesRelationship between Private and Public Police The relationship between public and private police has always been a one that is on the outskirts of each other. There is a thin line between what a private officer can and cannot do when it comes to enforcing the laws and rules on a property, there comes a point where they need the assistance of public officers who have the training and legal authority to handle a certain individual or situation. Although many of the individuals in the private sectorRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security1652 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities of Public Policing vs. Private Security ASJ-502 February 6, 2012 Abstract This paper explores the similarities and differences of public police and private security throughout history. How the criminal justice system and public police and private security are linked to each other. The essential policies that have been developed and how these police have assisted in the cooperation between police and private security. Finally, the need for a comprehensive securityRead MorePublic Policing vs Private Security Comparison Essay examples1223 Words   |  5 Pagessimilarities between the two roles? In the field of policing there are a couple different paths for an individual to choose from and they include private security and public policing. State government, city government, and towns normally provide the community with a public police force to enforce the laws and protect the citizens. Police officers are very important within a community but sometimes a private security can come in and help out and this frees up time for the public policing. Private securityRead MorePublic Policing Versus Private Security1347 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Policing Versus Private Security Kayla Cook CJA/500 November 8, 2009 Mrs. Jancie Graham Abstract Public policing and private security have several distinct differences. Public policing is the ability to enforce the law and maintain order in society. Private securities are paid agencies that perform the protective and loss-prevention duties not handled by police officers. Yet public policing and private security offers the same services and duties. These services and dutiesRead MoreEssay on Public Policing Versus Private Security1451 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Policing Versus Private Security Peter g. CJA/500 January 30, 2011 Patrick Cote Public Policing Versus Private Security The existence of security in the world brought happiness to mankind because men choose pleasure over pain (Ortmeier, 2008, p. 4.).However, without some measures of security man would not live in peace and the war of all against all (crime) would inundate the entire world. Public policing and private security haveRead MorePublic vs. Private Policing1695 Words   |  7 PagesPublic versus Private Policing CJA 500 April 19, 2010 Chris Bragg Public versus Private Policing In recent years, both the numbers of police officers in the United States has been declining. However, the rates for many white-collar crimes, such as computer crimes, employee theft, and fraud, are increasing. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend in private policing in the United States. Public and private policing have many similaritiesRead MoreDefence Policy And Military Strategy1134 Words   |  5 Pagesprior to the release of the CSS, the question of funding becomes unavoidable. Both the Armed forces and the police budgets were cut during the coalition government budget statement. And new ways of doing defence and policing. Amid the reduced budget, the MoD will follow the route of research and development to develop to test and evaluate their cyber-warfare capabilities leaving the Police force lagging behind due to the organisational structure. From 2011 to 2015, the Armed forces have undergoneRead MoreEssay The Difference Between Civil Law and Criminal Law639 Words   |  3 Pagesis dealing with something of public awareness. For instance, the public has awareness in seeing that people are protected from being robbed or assaulted. These are legal problems that fall into the criminal law. Criminal law involves punishing and rehabilitating offenders, and protecting the public. Since the public has an interest in having criminal law, we give the government the power to put it in place and enforce it. The police and Crown Prosecutors are hired byRead MoreThe Role Of The Community900 Words   |  4 Pagestrusting community-police relationships (p. ix). Hence, the priority goal as a law enforcement personnel or any branch of government is to protect, educate, and advocate with the community with can changes that occur or make recommendations to the public. There are my challenges and process that go hand to hand when implementing new goals or ways to change the public perspectives. As public servants, it is imperative that law enforcement personnel â€Å"[e]ducate the community about police practices† and

How Up A Google Personal Profile - 1053 Words

How to set up a Google Plus personal profile SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING How to set up a Google Plus personal profile from Wordtracker, the leading keyword research tools Ready to get started with Google+? The following guide by blogging expert Kristi Hines will help you set up your Google+ personal profile. Signing up To begin creating your Google+ account, sign in with your Google Account on the Google+ Start Page If you don t have a Google Account, you will be directed to create one first. Before you sign up (if you haven t already), here are a few things to keep in mind. You want to link your Google+ personal profile to the Google Account you use the most in your personal life. That way you have one login for your YouTube, Gmail, Calendar, Docs, and Google+ profile. This will also mean that you can receive your Google+ notifications while logged in to these other Google applications as well. On the flip side, what you don t want to do is use a Google Account that is not permanently or 100% completely yours. If you have a Google Account for your business, for example, you might not want to use that if others have to access that Google Account as well. Or if you have a Google Account that will go away once you leave your job because it is linked to a corporate email address, you will not want to use that either. Creating Your Profile The first step to creating your Google+ profile will be to add your profile photo. Be sure to use the same image that you use elsewhere onShow MoreRelatedHow Do Search Engines Work?1125 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple online platforms, resulting in personal information being able to be accessed by the public on websites such as Google. This report will identify the issues that can occur, implications and strategies for solving these issues. How And Why This Happens: how do search engines work Google and the internet work together to generate links in the Google search engine so that people are able to access and find what they are looking for more easily. However, Google itself does not have the power toRead MoreQuestions On Ethical Issues Investigation909 Words   |  4 Pagesexactly James broke the law. Personal calls can be attended only in the break timings which the rule clearly states. As the rule is clear and Kate Essex should follow the guidelines of the companies rule and inform the higher officials whom so ever it may be concerned. 2. What, if any, ethical principles help guide decision making in this situation? The problem aroused when john attended a personal call about his sick child in the working hours where john is aware that personal calls shouldn’t be attendedRead MoreUsing The Internet For Social Purposes1318 Words   |  6 Pagesmyself, post personal content on social media. The terminology ‘personal content’ can mean many things such as posting a personal address or telephone number online, to even posting about ‘deep’, personal issues that should essentially be written in a diary. I have been using the internet for social purposes since I was in elementary school, when I received my first desktop on my eighth birthday. I am quite lucky that I have never been exposed or exploited online due to the fact how dangerous andRead MoreEssay about Googles Mission and Values, an Analysis1231 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Google is a 21st century company even though it was founded in 1998 with a simple mission statement; Google’s mission is to organize the world‘s information and make it universally accessible and useful (Google Inc, Quick Profile, 2010,  ¶ 1). Google has one vision: to accomplish it mission by providing the best web based services to its end users. According to the Google on its corporate website, there are ten things they (Google) know to be true that are the keys to their successRead MoreWhy The Online Reputation Management Industry1621 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket is getting smaller? Is the industry dying? Maybe people are losing the need to improve how they look online? When you zoom out to see the whole picture, however, nothing could be further from the truth. Just look at what’s happened in the past year: Europe enacted a controversial â€Å"Right to Be Forgotten† law, requiring that Google honor requests to remove results that damage a person’s personal life. In the short amount of time since going into effect, over a million links have been requestedRead MoreThe Exploration Of Privacy And Intimacy930 Words   |  4 Pages Google me! The exploration of privacy and intimacy in social media â€Å"Never put too much information online. You never know who will try to take advantage of it.† I must admit, my father’s word of advice sounds like a broken record repeating itself; expressing this to me so many times. Even though he is right. What I mean to say is that the advancement with Social Media over the years has been slowly (but surely) affecting us in real life. Considering the fact that companies and everyday people assessRead MoreHow Botox Is Not Just Good For Your Face But Now Figuratively Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesBotox is not just good for your face but now metaphorically, it can do wonders for your resume. When creating a LinkedIn digital profile, go beyond a resume facelift. Kill off the old hackneyed words and the outdated format. Turn your boring profile into a story about your personal brand. A LinkedIn profile is a companion to a paper resume. The profile contains the following sections: a summary, experience, volunteer work, publications, skills, expertise, education and recommendations and otherRead MoreA Brief Note On Social Media And Seo1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame more and more sophisticated in terms of delivering very accurate and personal results, the basic SEO signals were no longer enough. Social media however, specialises in the signals that search engines now crave; identity and relationships. There’s a huge amount of power when it comes to identity and relationships and the best way to describe it would be to compare it with everyday life. If a complete random stranger came up to you and told you that the new hybrid BMW i8 was amazing for twenty differentRead MoreAnalysis Of Jamie Oliver s Website Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesmenu, works smoothly and only contains pictures with the title of the particular recipe. Another aspect of the focus on food is the fact that Oliver rarely appears within the page, even though the title of the page is his name and it represents his personal brand. The section â€Å"More to explore† partly contains videos, while another positive factor is that these do not start to play automatically. It may be a matter of taste, but auto-play videos are inconvenient for me, since the website then doesn’tRead MoreSocial Media s Eroding Our Privacy Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagessurveillance and social website such as Facebook, Twitter, Google, and YouTube are source of privacy invasion (Cole, 2015). Connecting to social website to communication with friends, family, and co-worker; sharing, updating news, and information which overcast privacy according to Cole, 2015. Many Americans became occupied to social media and forget to think about the important of confidentiality and privacy. Multiple surges website captured personal profile once information shared with the media. This informati on

Some Cat Saved Your Grandma Essay Example For Students

Some Cat Saved Your Grandma Essay Sydney RooneyMs. Beauchamp TeeseEnglish 10-316 March 2001Some Cat Saved Your GrandmaAnimal rights activists are constantly preaching about how doctors and scientists should give up testing on their cute furry little creatures because it not only causes the animal pain but also the activists pain. They just cant stand seeing Fido and Fluffy in such nauseating conditions and being injected several times until their body gives out, and they cant stand the sight or even hearing about the poor little Siamese kitten whos eyes are bloodshot with tests for makeup samples. These activists also believe that alternative methods of testing products are more productive than animal testing, and that the scientists who conduct the tests on the animals are vicious and care nothing towards animals. They are also known to believe that animal testing makes no contribution to society and that clean water and good sanitation, not vaccines and antibiotics, are the solutions to the worlds problems (ODonel l). Besides being utterly unreasonable with their myths of animal cruelty, animal rights activists are being perfectly hypocritical. If anyone has been hindered by a stroke, any head or spinal cord injuries, diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, or any type of surgery they have been helps by the results of animal testing. Without the help of animal testing Polio would still kill and cripple thousands of adults and children, doctors would not have chemotherapy to save children suffering from lymphocytic leukemia, 7,500 newborns would develop cerebral palsy, and smallpox would still be here to kill more than the two million it has already killed (Americans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Without). Picture a tall apartment building burning down in furious flames. You are the only person left alive in the still burning building, and you hear two cries for help. One is a pleading meow for safety of tiny pure black kitten, but the other is a desperate and loud scream calling, Help! Help! You can see that this cry comes from a small, skinny boy, no older than six, and he is shaking uncontrollably due to his server cerebral palsy condition. You are running out of time and can only save the life of either the kitten or the boy. Which would you choose?Its only natural to choose the boy over the kitten. Imagine telling this little boys mother and father about your striking decision and then telling them, but the kitten was so small and cute! I couldnt just leave it there! Sorry about your boy. The parents would be heartbroken. Not one single thing can replace a human life. Now imagine telling a small girl that you just did not have time to save her pet, but look what you did save, anot her child just like her. Then ask her what she would have felt like if you had left her for that cat. By hypotheticals as these we can begin to understand how human lives are more valuable then animal lives, and that without the advances doctors and scientists have made in through their quest in animal testing people of today would be malnourished, sick and diseased, and ultimately dead. Under one of Darwins theories, every population of species has a main goal of survival in any situation. First each population strives to survive against other species, but if they come to the realization that this objective is unattainable, they compete against other members of their own population. As humans we are lucky enough to not have to worry about competing against each other in order to stay alive, but we do have to fight tiny organisms that affect our body in disturbing manners. In order to survive we must use our minds to create vaccinations and antibiotics that allow us to live longer, healthier lives. Keeping with this theory, humans test their vaccinations on animals so that the human race does not put their own kind in jeopardy. Animals of different families are the solution to this epidemic. Scientists use animals to test what have come out to be cures and treatments for such diseases as smallpox, polio, and diabetes. If this kind of research continues to occur peopl e will no longer suffer from AIDS, malaria, and the common cold. Animal rights activists believe that there are other, safer, and more successful ways of testing research for the same diseases. They are told that these alternative methods of research testing are more efficient and effective than testing on animals People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives). This alternative method is known as tissue culture and is composed of monolayers of a precise type of cell and is grown in a culture medium. These monolayers of cells are unable to duplicate the interaction between different types of cell from other parts of the body, and consequently can not compare to animal research. Most scientists consider monolayers incredibly useful tools but they fail to be an alternative to animals (ODonell). Non-animal testing is significantly less expensive than regular animal testing, and animal rights literature often cites this as an advantage to alternative testing methods People of the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives). This is exactly true. Non-animal testing is cheaper, and is the only reason most people are switching to this method. In a life and death scenario cost is not an issue to be dealt with. Sometime paying more for what you get is the best thing you can do for your health. As of the year 2000, there are 34.3 million adults and children infected with the AIDS virus in the world. 24.7 million people in Africa alone (UnAIDS). Without the help of animal testing those numbers will climb. Animal research is needed to conquer medical problems of today, just as it has conquered the medical problems of the past. Alternative methods can not withstand this title because they do not carry the potential of effects on other parts of the body. Nothing compares to the use of whole organisms when dealing with serious viruses. Animal rights activists, such as those affiliated with PETA or ALF, often shield themselves under the false idea that world wide cl ean water and good sanitation will solve all medical problems. These elements are unquestionably incredibly important to the survival of humans, but only they will not fight off everything. An exceptional example of this can be seen in the 1940s and 1950s in the UK, where clean water and good sanitation were standard. Throughout these years there were many fatal causing diseases. By 1940 diphtheria, a highly infectious disease in children that carries, a false membrane in the passages of the upper respiratory system, (Encarta), was touching 500,000 people a year. Only through the development of a valuable vaccination, by way of animal testing, was the number decreased to zero (ODonell). Vaccines are cost-effective and valuable. They are the best solution to killing harmful diseases, but, as of today, they can only be prepared and administered by animal research. Police brutality EssayAnimal rights organizations have sabotaged property, thrown away vital medical research that could save their own lives someday, deceived people into giving them donations, and practically gone against their own views. Their credibility towards animal research is shot, and everyone should be informed about their illegal actions. Tom Regan, a professor at North Carolina State University and author of an animal rights activists book was asked, if you were aboard a lifeboat with a baby and a dog, and the boat capsized, would you save the baby or the dog? Regan replied, if it were a retarded baby, and a bright dog, Id save the dog, (9). People like Regan put animals on a more privileged moral plane than people and see more value in a pigs life than that of a diabetic human who relies on the pig for insulin to save his life. Despite the many clinical advances that have been made through the means of animal testing and the known fact that no alternative compares to that of animal testing, these people just do not understand that animal research has and will continue to save millions of lives. Ingrid Newkirk said that even if animal testing found a cure for AIDS, wed be against it, (Carnell). Even more famous and esteemed people such as Darwin believe in research by means of animal testing. Darwin is known for his book, Origin of Species. He knows that animals are a great benefit to mankind and that they are needed in order for our race to continue. In a letter to a Swedish professor in 1881 Darwin wrote, I know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind, (ODonell). Works CitedAmericans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Animal Rights Terrorists Target Medical Research Facilities. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.ampef.org/pdf/arterror.pdfAmericans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. Without Animal Research. Online. Internet. 11 Mar. 2001. http://www.ampef.org/research.htmAnimal Rights Activist Arrested by FBI. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.nocompromise.org/news/001125a.html Carnell, Elisabeth. Animal Rights Groups Go Too Far. Online. Internet. 13 Mar. 2001. http://www.animalrights.net/ar001.h tml Encarta. Diphtheria. Online. Internet. 15 Mar. 2001. http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=02F27000 ODonell, Kevin. Animal Rights Myths. Online. Internet. 11 Mar. 2001. http://www.cix.co.uk/embra/armyths.html People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Alternatives: Testing Without Torture. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.peta_online.org/mc/facts/fsae8.htmlPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Animal Experimentation: Sadistic Scandal. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.peta_online.org/mc/facts/fsae1.htmlUnAIDS. Global Estimates of the HIV/AIDS Epidemics as of end of 1999. Online. Internet. 12 Mar. 2001. http://www.unaids.org/epidemic_update/report/glo_estim.pdf .

Quantitative Analysis an Example of the Topic Business Essays by

Quantitative Analysis The problem statement for Franklin's study was: The factor of teacher preparation may not be the critical factor in the use of computers in the classroom, as other factors may take dominance. Franklin points to the importance of IT to be incorporated into all aspects of the curriculum for recent graduate teachers given that interactions with computers have been correlated with future pedagogy orientations. Evidently, to ensure the best preparation of future teachers for the elementary classroom it is necessary to identify factors which impact on their learning of classroom technology, and subsequent integration of computers into elementary curriculum. Need essay sample on "Quantitative Analysis" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The purpose of Franklin's study was to survey North American recent graduate teachers to determine if four factors identified as supporting their use of computers were accurate; access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time. The research question for the study was two-fold: In what ways do elementary teachers use IT for delivery of curriculum? And: What variables influence their use of computers? It was expected that no significant relationship would exist between graduate computer use and the four factors (access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time). It was also anticipated that no significant relationship would exist between graduate perceptions of preparation to use computers and subsequent use of computers within the elementary classroom. The dependant variables in this study were the graduate responses on the survey for the four factors (access and availability; preparation and training; leadership; and time). The independent variables were naturally occurring individual differences as determined by the graduates' demographics (e.g., age and gender). The theory guiding this study was constructionist in orientation. For example, Franklin cites Becker (2000a) as concluding that those graduates' best prepared for use of computers advocated constructivist pedagogy. This is evident in that the interactive experience that computers contribute to learning enable practical application of knowledge in real-world situations in real-time; the emphasis on social learning through collaboration and negotiation; and teachers become facilitators not "experts" allowing students to take more responsibility for their learning and to discover for themselves the answers to problems (Richardson, 2003). The literature review was comprehensive in that it mentioned pertinent studies and University programs relevant to the aim of the study. Further, the review identified gaps in current knowledge (teacher preparation and other influencing factors have not been explicitly compared previously in the one study) and placed this study in the broader field of undergraduate teacher preparation. The references were up to date, concise and contributed to the reader understanding why Franklin chose the research questions and methodology that she did. The study design was a survey method providing a multivariate analysis, quantitative in nature (as responses to the four factors were predominantly scaled questions). This was an appropriate design as Franklin wanted to measure the perceptions of graduate teachers. Scale items allowed for identification of agreement or disagreement as well as strength of the response. At present, surveys are one of the most reliable ways to measure perceptions. Threats to internal validity include; the self-report nature of the survey, which allows for personal biases to influence responses; and the survey was self-constructed and so has not been tested with regard to its internal reliabilities such as through test-retest, split-half reliability or internal consistency. External threats to validity include; low power in that there was a small sample (n=68) that has meant low generalizability of the results; and that there was no random selection of participants, meaning that graduates who chose to respond to the mail-out may have characteristics that make them diametrically different to those who did not respond, and so skew the data. The sample of n = 68 was large enough to obtain descriptive information about graduate teachers perceptions and use of computers. The sample was representative in that only graduate teachers (from 2000-2002) who lived and studied in the USA were eligible to participate as they were "beginning teachers". As the graduates were geographically dispersed a mail-out survey best suited data collection, an email may have resulted in a smaller sample as not all graduates necessarily are teaching/have access to email. The extraneous variables for the study were; graduates who were not presently teaching (controlled by asking only those teaching now to fill in the survey); an existing small population (controlled by using mail-out and not email or pick up surveys); differences in interpreting the survey questions (controlled with a modified pre-test and interviews to determine ambiguities and misunderstandings in item wording). The survey instrument was constructed by Franklin specifically for this study. The reliability for the survey was justified by it being based on the validated instruments by Becker and Anderson (1998) and the NCES (2000). Both measures have been used extensively in education research across age groups. The instruments both measure teacher computer use which makes them highly relevant to informing this study. Data collection procedures were appropriate in that mail-out allowed access to a dispersed population, and allowed measurement of their demographic details and perceptions. As a mail-out the confidentiality and anonymity of the participant was maintained. However it is not made explicit if participant's informed consent was obtained, such as explaining that they could withdraw at any time without penalty and that their responses would be de-identified by use of a participant number. Data analysis procedures were adequate in that they were suited to the multi-variant nature of the data. As such, descriptives provided percentages of graduates who; returned their survey; were eligible to take part in the study; graduated across the time-frame to be eligible; were aligned with a particular pedagogy orientation; perceived that they were/were not prepared to use computers; and who were prepared as an undergraduate or through professional development. The parametric regression analysis allowed for analysis of the multivariate quantitative and qualitative variables. The factor analysis provided insight as to whether identified factors aligned with factors extracted from the actual data. These tests helped to answer the research questions as the descriptives explored if differences and different groups of graduates existed; and the multivariate tests informed on whether relationships actually existed amongst variables (factor analysis), and if any one factor could predic t use of computers in classrooms (regression analysis). The strength of Franklin's study is that she attempted to compare factors identified separately in previous literature as influencing graduate teacher use of computers in the classroom. Use of a survey was an ideal way to measure perceptions of graduates, and a mail-out ensured that as many of the population who were eligible to take part were reached as possible. A distinct limitation of this study is the low sample number, which skewed the data (as most of those contacted were not actually teaching) and meant that the assumptions for using higher order tests such as regression analysis and factor analysis were not adequately met. Hence, conclusions are tentative and not generalizable to a wider population. In conclusion, the results of this study are valid to the extent that they reflect what is happening for this particular sample of graduate teachers. As such, this sample appears to contain graduates with high levels of perceived preparation and who align themselves with constructivist pedagogy. In these respects, the results form the sample support the findings of prior research as identified in the literature review (c.f., Becker, 2000a, 2000b; Becker, Ravitz, & Wong, 1999). It meets the face validity test in that those prepared for use of computers would be expected to use them. References Becker H.J. (2000a) Findings from the teaching, learning and computing survey: Is Larry Cuban Education Policy Analysis Archives, 8(51), 1-33. A critique of Larry Cuban's statement that the use of computers for delivery of curriculum and enhancement of student learning is not necessary, subsequently, there is no need to prepare teachers for use of computers. Becker questions Cuban's contention that computers are incompatible with teaching goals, and that increasing accountability on the part of teachers means that use of computers is not a priority within elementary classes. Becker states that Cuban's assumptions are more relevant to the 1980s classroom than curriculum delivery in the 21st century. He points to literature that supports teacher preparation in computer use to enabling better delivery of classroom materials and student engagement and application of knowledge. Becker, H.J. (2000b) Who's wired and who's not: Children's access to and use of computer technology. The Future of Children, 10(2), 31- This article looks at the increase of use of computers within the classroom and the continuing lack of infrastructure, integration of IT into the delivery of curriculum and enhancement of student learning. Drawing on data from his national 1998 "Teaching, Learning and Computing" study, Becker notes identifies teachers across elementary subjects who are more likely to use computers in the classroom. He also looks at the way s teachers use computers and how this influences student learning. Becker, H.J. & Anderson, R.E. (1998) Teaching, Learning and Computing: 1998 Survey: Teacher's Survey Booklet. Retrieved January 12, 2007. This booklet provides an introductory letter to school Principals about the aims of the national survey, how to administer the survey and contains the survey proper. Becker, H.J., Ravitz, L.J., & Wong, Y. (1999) Teacher and teacher directed student use of computers and software. The third report provided from the national 1998 TLC data. Explores how teachers, principals and school IT persons see teacher-directed student use of computers, access to computers in the classroom and the platforms predominantly used for student learning. Also the types of software used by teachers and their objectives for using these resources are discussed. The perceptions of teachers as to their level of expertise with computer use are also presented. It was concluded that teachers who perceive themselves to be most proficient at using computers are also those most likely to use computers in the classroom in a variety of ways, ranging from simple to complex activities. National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (2000) Fast Response Survey System (FRSS). Retrieved January 12, 2007 from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/frss/ An overview of when the test was established, where the questionnaire can be uploaded and an indication of the reliability and validity checks that have been done on the survey. Richardson, V. (2003) Constructivist pedagogy. Teachers College Record, 105(9), 16231640. This article provides a critical analysis of constructivist pedagogy, by exploring the history of the theory and its relationship to constructivist learning theory. Four areas of concern are identified for constructivist pedagogy and research and practice; 1) recommendation of research orientation toward student leaning in classrooms using constructivist pedagogy; 2) recommendations of areas that the theory that can be developed to provide insight and to characterize effective constructivist teaching; 3) deeper subject knowledge, skills and competencies needed by teachers of this paradigm; and 4) identifying barriers to elementary teachers in utilizing many subject matter areas.