Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example

Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay This paper aims to foremost, describe and analyze the political facets of hosting mega featuring on two major levels- national and international degrees. On the national degree, mega featuring events are able to further coaction among the populace sector, the private sector and the community. Such events are able to better authorities efficiency and used as a tool for the development of new thoughts such as environmental sustainability, diverseness and community engagement. Furthermore, such events can convey about urban transmutation, civic integrity and AIDSs in the edifice of both a national and a cultural individuality. At a more macro international degree, mega-sporting events can be used as a platform for the publicity of international human rights and societal justness and can function as a tool for the international acknowledgment of provinces. Second, this paper will analyse economic facets of hosting mega featuring event by analyzing the entire commercial activity within the state and by weighing the effects of the building of substructure for the mega clean event. In this section, the impacts of the commercial activity with regard to the touristry industry, the employment rate and foreign direct investings on the host state will be examined. Last, this paper seeks to analyze the success of India in hosting the recent XIX Commonwealth Games 2010. A successful mega-sporting event depends on the host s ability to program and put to death the event so that it is able to accomplish new degrees of planetary acknowledgment every bit good as important economic, political and societal development in the hereafter. Reasons for Hosting Mega Sporting Events Political Agendas In this section of the paper, the political docket for hosting mega-sporting events will be discussed on two distinguishable levels- national and international. National Level Civic Pride and Unity Hosting mega athletics events can take to civic pride[ 1 ]. It plays an of import function in the manner people in the host state view themselves and their community. It allows people in the host state to portion their experiences of life in the state and show values that are close to the bosom of the people populating in the state. The passion and committedness exhibited by these voluntaries will non be able to be matched by salaried workers employed to execute the same responsibilities. Volunteerism allows the people in the state to experience a sense of pride for their state. A society of voluntaries is indispensable to accomplishing the host state s vision of being an exciting planetary finish, which is vivacious, widely distributed, and at the same clip culturally rich and diverse. Hosting mega-sporting events can help the edifice of national individualities in some states such as South Africa by advancing societal integrating and furthering tolerance amongst the people. Sports can cut across barriers that divide the society, as in the instance of South Africa where football was seen to further societal coherence between the Whites and the Blacks. The permanent image of Nelson Mandela showing the Rugby World Cup Trophy to the Afrikaner captain Francois Pienaarin 1995 at the event held in South Africa[ 2 ]illustrates how mega-sporting events can convey intangible benefits such as coherence and integrity. Host states use mega-sporting events as a great chance to show a positive cultural image, successful integrating and traditional values in the international sphere with an purpose of increasing touristry in the hereafter. The most suited occasions to expose traditional activities picturing patriotism, Orientalism and cultural individuality in the games are the gap and shutting ceremonials[ 3 ]. At the 1982 Ninth Asiatic Games, the overall subject of the integrity in diverseness in Indian patriotism and civilization was the spirit of the ceremonials. There were shows of a assortment of terpsichoreans picturing the different provinces in India. ( Give more concrete grounds ) Urban Transformation Mega featuring events are accelerators of significant urban transmutation, peculiarly from passage from industrial metropolis to a post-industrial metropolis due to alterations in the planetary economic system[ 4 ]. States are more dependent on the service and touristry industry instead than the fabrication, local capital investing and public sector intercession due to globalisation, deregulating and deindustrialization of the economic system[ 5 ]. Therefore, more enterprises are being taken by the authorities to develop and better substructures and fast path the already proposed development programs. For illustration, Tokyo used the 1964 Olympic games as an chance to transform the metropolis from a congested, war-damaged pandemonium to a modern, comfortable city. Tokyo spent US $ 2.7 million in 1964 on an urban redevelopment program which included extended route betterments, seaport enlargements and development of urban comfortss, lodging, tourer adjustment and waste and sewerage di sposal systems. Among Tokyo s huge Olympic outgo, it was estimated that less than 3 % of the outgo was spent on the building of strictly competition related installations the bulk was alternatively spent on run intoing the metropolis s short term and long-run development programs[ 6 ]. International Strengthening of Global Image and Positioning Some states host mega featuring events as a tool to joint and signal key messages sing the host- a dynamic that extends beyond the province based chase of public diplomatic negotiations[ 7 ]. These signals are critical tools of legitimization for the host state in deriving support both domestically and internationally. The media and planetary communications have played an of import function in this facet by leting the event to be seen from all over the universe at any existent clip. By hosting mega-sporting events like the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games, the host states are provided with a low cost but high profile resource for publicising their policy on international issues or towards specific provinces. Semi peripheral states use mega-sporting events as a tool to signal developmental progresss. The Olympics held in Beijing in 2008 illustrate how mega featuring events played an highly of import function in International political relations. The Chinese saw the Olympics as less of a clean spectacle and more of a coming out party[ 8 ]. The mega sporting event was used as an chance for China to showcase its economic sciences and political development. In fact, the Prime Minister of the People s Republic of China, Wen Jiabao stated in an interview in April 2008 that the Beijing Olympics present an chance for China to demo the universe how democratic, unfastened, civilised, friendly and harmonious it is[ 9 ]. Hosting mega featuring events are besides used to signal decisive and desirable societal alteration. The 1995 Rugby World Cup in Africa played a important function in accommodating the inkinesss and the White persons in South Africa. In peculiar, it gave the Whites in South Africa an chance to encompass the symbols, leaders and thought of a new, multiracial, democratic state basically to finish the symbolic journey from the old to new South Africa[ 10 ]. Besides, the 2010 Football World Cup held late in South Africa shows the state s re-entry into the international community and its journey from a outcast province to a planetary mediator. Phase for the Promotion of International Human Rights and Social Justice States use mega-sporting events as a phase to advance international human right issues. This is particularly apparent during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 when widespread protest and increased media attending showed how human rights issues were violated by the Chinese authorities. In the 1968 Mexico games, there were protest and menaces of boycotts against the apartheid government in South Africa. South Africa was besides banned from take parting in the games. The ejections of South Africa from the Games lead to international force per unit area of the anti-apartheid motion and athleticss countenances to be imposed on the state until the eventual autumn of the apartheid government. The mega sporting event was successful in the continued enforcement of South African countenances, keeping the anti-apartheid motion[ 11 ]. The clean event played an of import function in bring forthing international consciousness for the apartheid government against South Africa and besides helped bri ng on political and societal alteration within the state. Economic Consequences in the hosting of Mega Sporting Events In this section of the paper, the economic docket of hosting mega featuring events will be discussed in elaborate with regard to the entire commercial activity and the usage of the public financess for the edifice of substructures for the mega clean event. Entire Commercial Activity Tourism Industry The touristry industry will profit with the increasing media coverage given in concurrence with the hosting of such mega featuring event. Conservative surveies estimate addition in station Games tourists to be from 1.5 % to 3 % for the last Olympic Games in 2008[ 12 ]. This addition in the figure of station Games tourer is due to the media coverage of hosting such event. Viewing audiences of the mega sporting event are more likely to develop an involvement in sing the host state, which may take to a greater desire to see the state in the hereafter. The mega clean event gives the host state an chance to showcase itself to the universe as a prima metropolis for athleticss and a perfect locale for events every bit good as an attractive force worthy topographic point of repeated visits. On the other manus, a possible downside to hosting the event is the negative outwardnesss such a congestion may deter regular non-interested visitants from sing the metropolis during the event[ 13 ]. This will take to a autumn in the figure of people sing the state. Besides, if local eating houses and hotels are at full capacity, the event may merely replace instead than supplement the regular touristry industry[ 14 ]. For illustration, in the 2002 World cup held in South Korea, there was an addition in the figure of European visitants to the state but this was offset by a similar lessening in the figure of regular tourers and concern travellers from Japan who chose to avoid the fusss.[ 15 ]There were no alteration in the entire figure of foreign visitants sing the state and the figure was dead at 460 000. This shows a contradiction to the belief that mega featuring events pull big figure of visitants to the host state. Employment Rate Mega featuring events can ensue in an addition in the employment rate of the state. New occupations are created in assorted facets of the featuring event runing from conveyance to building industry. For illustration, it was predicted that the Olympic games held in Atlanta and Sydney would bring forth every bit many as 77 000 and 100 000 new occupations severally. However, states need to be cautioned to hold labour militias so as to avoid the hazard of destructing the economic system. It may turn out risky for little economic systems holding full employment rates to host mega featuring events as it can take to the job of rising prices and this will in bend cause the economic system to deteriorate. Foreign Direct Investments Hosting mega-sporting events can pull foreign direct investings in both the private and public sector from transnational companies. Many transnational corporations are attracted to states with sophisticated substructure with a safe and pleasant ambiance. These foreign direct investings will profit the host state in footings of productive factors such as marketing know-how, preparation installations and technological expertness. The host state will besides profit from the spill over effects such as labour preparation, upgrading of production accomplishments and motive of local constituent providers, stimulation to competition and development of managerial accomplishments and cognition about the foreign markets[ 16 ]. All these accomplishments will work together to increase the fight of the host metropolis. The consequence of the building of substructure Mega Sporting Events requires the host state to put big amounts of money in the building of featuring spheres, which may be used by the authorities otherwise to better wellness attention installations and the instruction system. For the 2002 Fifa World Cup, South Korea invested an estimated $ 2 billion dollars in the building of 10 new bowls and Japan spent $ 4 billion dollars in constructing seven new bowls and renovating three bing 1s[ 17 ]. The extent to which these installations and substructures are used in the hereafter is highly of import, as the demand is likely to diminish well after the mega-sporting event and there is a inclination for these substructures to go white elephants . For illustration, after the 2002 World Cup, merely five out of the 10 new bowls had regular renters. Besides, immense sum of money is invested in keeping the substructures. Therefore, it is necessary for the host state to weigh its benefits and cost before make up ones minding to host the mega cl ean event. An Analysis: The XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Having described the grounds for states to host mega featuring events, it is now imperative that these grounds be analyzed in the context of the XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 ( CWG ) held late in India. In its command for the Commonwealth Games, Delhi s purpose was chiefly to excite economic growing and development and at the same clip better the metropolis s substructure[ 18 ]. In this section of the paper, the success of the Games will be assessed on whether the purposes of the host state have been fulfilled based on the undermentioned variables: Making a Permanent Bequest Focus on Post Event Legacy Strategy Alignment It is indispensable for states hosting mega-sporting events to implement enterprises that leave a long term sustainable benefit tailored for the Games. In this facet, one of vision of the CWG forming commission was a clear green vision to endeavor towards cut downing C footmark and going the sustainable development benchmark for multi-disciplinary games in the hereafter [ 19 ]. They implemented many strategic enterprises such as edifice Green infrastructures, holding Green ceremonials and cordial reception and at the same clip initiated a assortment of green procurance policies to make consciousness of the environmental debasement and advance environmental motions. A green concerts were held to bring forth public involvement in the Games, sensitise them about the Green Games subject and at the same clip to bring on the populace to back up its Low Carbon Campaign . The populace was encouraged to take pledges to protect the environment and badges advancing GO GREEN, IT WORKS! were distributed to promote the people to make their portion in caring for the environment[ 20 ]. Social Development Ideally, a successful mega featuring event is one that provides benefits economic, political and societal to a assortment of stakeholders. However, this was nt the instance in the Commonwealth Games. It was reported that kids of over 400,000 building workers at the Games sites are deprived of basic rights like sanitation, schooling and health care[ 21 ]. It is of import that these kids are given their constitutional rights by the authorities in their effort to supply first substructure for the Commonwealth games. Many of the hapless are marginalized as a consequence of the CWG because slums near the Yamuna part where the site of the CWG is at have been demolished. It is estimated that 30 000 to 40 000 households will be displaced by the authorities as a consequence of the CWG[ 22 ]. Infrastructure In order for a mega featuring event to be successful, it is of import that the event fits into the metropolis s development end. A bequest of abandoned substructure and economic ruins tarnishes the image of the host state. In the facet, the Commonwealth Games will profit the people in India to a big extent in the hereafter. Delhi went through a monolithic transmutation with the edifice of a new airdrome terminus, building of more tube paths and the add-on of new coachs to ease the conveyance system within the metropolis for both the locals and tourers. In add-on, new overpass and subwaies was besides built at an estimated cost of RS. 1650 Crores to work out the traffic congestion jobs that the state presently face. However, there is a concern that there will be an underutilization of the sporting substructure station event. Many of the bowls will be vacant and it will be particularly hard to derive entree to the bowl since many of it is authorities owned. Constructing a wide base of Support Hosting a successful mega-sporting event requires the state to hold strong: Common Goal It is of import for the general populace, concern organisations and the authorities to supply a individual voice and a common end for the state so that the best of the state can be presented to a planetary audience. India s determination to offer for the Commonwealth Games was non-transparent and undemocratic[ 23 ]. The CWG was used as an effort by the authorities to inspire an elect goaded plan of urban transmutation that focuses on denationalization, secularisation and buildings of memorials to amour propre. It is dissatisfactory how India s effort to derive national prestigiousness undermined the urban societal motions in India. Government Support Fiscal Guarantees The authorities demand to be a surety for fiscal duties and liabilities related to the event for the mega-sporting event to be successful. The authorities has to do usage of their resources sagely to efficaciously do the event successful due to the immense sum of money involved. In this facet, the Commonwealth Games 2010 can be deemed as a complete failure. First, the authorities did non do usage of their resources expeditiously. The authorities for the mega sporting event used 1000000s of dollars, which were irrelevant to the common adult male in India alternatively of utilizing it for societal development plans and bettering the instruction and healthcare systems in the state. It is of import for the authorities to maintain in head that the money invested in such events comes from public financess and the event should so profit the populace it derives capital from, non curtailing itself to the elite rich minority, while at the same time guaranting that it does no injury to the community[ 24 ]. Second, there were widespread corruptness in assorted facets of forming the event including the procurance and awarding of contracts for the building of the games venue. For illustration, the Commonwealth Games forming commission after probe of fiscal abnormalities charged TS Darbari and deputy manager general Sanjay Mahendroo. Security The authorities needs to play a critical function in maintaining the people safe and the occupation of acquiring the jocks, support staff and protagonists in and out of the state with optimum security. . Mega featuring events, due to their turning visibleness and importance, have become a major mark for terrorists and other riotous forces. Security inquiries emerged after gunslingers who fired on a tourer coach in New Delhi two hebdomads before the games injured two visitants from Taiwan[ 25 ]. The Indian authorities have invested around 370 Crores on security[ 26 ]. The Indian Government liaised with assorted cardinal security bureaus within India and all predicating states in the mega event to increase the degree of security. Particular monitoring security with the electronic surveillance like CCTV, X-Ray luggage scanner was besides placed on the relevant places to look into out the perturbation and problem. The authorities should be applauded for their efforts in undertaking this security issues. Economic Development Tourism Rate There have been a dip in the umber of tourer sing the metropolis due to hapless selling by the Tourism Department and the CWG Organizers and due to negative media coverage environing the Commonwealth Games along with Dengue and inundations menace. The authorities had estimated that one million tourers would get at the CWG but merely 75606 tourers turned up. This caused an inauspicious impact on the hotel and service industry. Employment Rate The employment rate have increased in turn in the development and edifice of substructure in Delhi in readying for the CWG. The edifice of the CWG substructure has involved a great figure of contractors, building companies and day-to-day pay earners. Even after the CWG, occupations are still secured due to the direction and care of the substructure, in peculiar the athletics locales and bowls. The CWG has helped in increasing our employment rate by 1.1 million and this will stay even after the Games[ 27 ]. Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investments On this facet, it is excessively shortly to reason if India have gained or loosed because it has merely been one month since the CWG. However, it can be concluded that Delhi will profit. Delhi has a presence of good connectivity, which allows the metropolis to be linked with other economically vivacious metropoliss in the state. There is a high literacy rate within the population and many of them are extremely entrepreneurial. Due to good connectivity, the metropolis has the possible to pull private developers and foreign direct investings in the lodging and substructure sectors Decision The Commonwealth Games was non much a failure as many critics have said it to be. The Games went swimmingly and the state was able to profit from the substructures built such as the enhanced conveyance system and the occupations created. However, there were many other facets that were non as successful- there was corruptness charges against some members of the authorities and there was a deficiency of societal development in the state. Besides, the state was unable to cast the underdeveloped state label due to many controversial issues that arose before and during the Games.

Critique an article from a published text Essay

Critique an article from a published text - Essay Example n countries and other countries, Claire Cameron wrote an article entitled ‘Social Pedagogy and Care: Danish and German Practice in Young People’s Residential Care’ which conducted an ethnographic study of social pedagogy as well as residential care in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and the Netherlands in order to examine the actual practice and its relationship with the provision of care in England. For this study, the researcher will make some critiques over the Cameron’s statements in the article. According to Cameron (2004), the concept of social pedagogy which focus on training and practice of social work within the residential care for children and young people is not clearly understood in UK.3 Contrary to her statement in this particular article, there are several schools in UK that is currently promoting the importance of social pedagogy in Europe’s residential care for children. In fact, looking after the children’s welfare is already a part of the main goal of UK social policy.4 The article states that social pedagogy approach in Denmark and Germany is conducted by providing the staff member of residential care homes with proper actual trainings; whereas social pedagogy approach in England is being extended to social workers through formal education in schools.5 According to Petrie et al. (2005), the term ‘pedagogy’ in England is not often used except in classrooms and formal education.6 Instead of using the word pedagogy, English people use words like childcare and early years, youth work, residential care and play work to describe a similar context or idea. Both approaches to social pedagogy should be accepted in the sense that the learners could learn the appropriate theories behind social pedagogy within a formal educational setting as well as providing the learners an actual learning experience through an on-the-spot training programs to social care workers who are directly handling children within the residential care

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Civil Engineering Management Portfolio - Essay Example Management is a leading science domain and routine in managing building companies. It is one of the oldest human activities; it activates human abilities on building investment objects in order to assure necessity for civil engineering purposes. It is good enough reason to take place in management development in civil engineering. As there are too many definitions of management depending on an author, only the most important are offered, namely the most acceptable in civil engineering domain. Remarkable attention is given to managing tasks in civil engineering as well to their correlationsIf we speak about management in civil engineering then the total quality management must be proposed. Total quality management is a business philosophy and accessible way of modern companies around the whole world. It is the most contemporary idea of developing and advancing in all life and work domains. The growing urge of efficient use of the earth's resources such as land, air, water and raw mate rials as well as concentration on efficient design, analysis and maintenance of civil structures requires a better insight in the spatial and temporal patterns of resources and activities (Bean, A.L., 2007). In view of the fact that the parameters of civil engineering today are not only confined to design and construction of structures but due to globalization and privatization of civil engineering organizations now civil engineering emerges as a study, which not only pay attention on construction.... Inspection is the activity that assesses by measurement or testing whether an element has conformed to specifications. Corrective work is then ordered to rectify any non-conformance in the element. QC builds upon the inspection efforts and relies largely on statistical techniques to determine trends and detect problems in the processes. Such techniques are being used routinely in manufacturing. With respect to the construction industry, concrete cube testing is one rare example. Both QA and TQM are focused on meeting customer requirements, and this is at the top of the agenda. It may be said that if TQM is necessary for all businesses, it becomes more crucial and critical in case of civil engineering because structures and constructions are the phenomena afford no repetition or revision after completion. In this way, civil engineering project management becomes a dynamic multi-dimensional and multi-pronged strategic field. (Pyzdek, Thomas, (2000) 1.1 Objective of the Study In general and widely adopted sense, civil engineers are considered to design and manage the construction of roads, railways, buildings, bridges, tunnels, dams, airports, water supply and sewage systems. They must have to look into several factors in the design procedure from the production costs and expected lifetime of a project keeping in view the government policies and possible environmental hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering disciplines, assimilates many specialties. The most common and crucial fields of civil engineering include structural, water resources, construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. (Bean, A.L., 2007) Most of the civil engineers hold administrative or supervisory

Gadolinium-based Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesis

Gadolinium-based Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesis SAMRAT MAZUMDAR Abstract Cancer is by far one of the most challenging diseases for centuries. In the US, it accounts for over a million deaths annually and is expected to rise in the coming future. Therefore, there is vital need to develop novel strategies, which can help in combating the disease at any level. Metallic nanoparticles present an interesting view, which can function as both therapeutic and diagnostic agents due to their unique properties. The main motive of the proposed work is development of gadolinium based magnetic nanoparticles, followed by their surface functionalization which may improve imaging and targeting outcomes. Doped Gadolinium nanoparticles will be prepared by co-precipitation method for optimum magnetic properties. The synthesized particles will be subjected to functionalization with suitable group for specific target in nature for cancer cells. Eventually,  in-vitro  studies will be carried out to validate the hyperthermia effect on cancer cells. 1. Introduction Overview Although, it is difficult to define cancer, but in simple terms, it is a group of related diseases which is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread, mostly due to loss of control in the cell cycle (Pà ©rez-Herrero and Fernà ¡ndez-Medarde, 2015). The most commonly detected cancers are lung cancer, breast cancer and skin cancer, etc. A variety of factors contributes to the disease progression, such as genetic changes, infections and exposure to carcinogens. In general, cancer is detected/diagnosed by various techniques like, blood tests, X-ray imaging, Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and Endoscopy etc. Conventional treatment strategies include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, they possess numerous limitations especially dose-related side effects and toxicity (Brigger et al., 2002). Currently, researchers are looking towards newer approaches which are selective, non-invasive, non-toxic and effective. These efforts are led to the development o f experimental cancer therapies. These not only improves the curing rate but also, act as a supplement to the conventional therapies. However, it is still early to state that these alternatives can completely replace the existing treatment strategies and its effectiveness in clinical settings, are yet to be determined. Alternative approaches include Gene therapy (Vile et al., 2000), Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) (Dougherty et al., 1998), Hyperthermia (Urano, 1999) ,Targeted Nano-medicines (Xu et al., 2015). Recently, a tremendous amount of research is being carried out in the field of hyperthermia due to encouraging results and its potential for significantly lowered toxicity. Hyperthermia â€Å"Hyperthermia† is a very ancient technique which is now regaining popularity in the field of oncology (Seegenschmiedt and Vernon, 1995). It involves the use of heat energy to elevate the temperature inside a tumour tissue and subsequently kill the cancer cells. The desired temperature range for hyperthermia is 42 °-44 °C which is, greater than the physiological temperature (Wust et al., 2002).There is a variety of factors governing the effectiveness of hyperthermia which includes thermal variables, device characteristics, frequency, current and tumour morphology (Valdagni et al., 1988). At temperatures below 41 °C, blood flow increases while tissue oxygenation increases above 41 °C providing a dual effect against tumour. Once temperatures are increased above 42.5 °C-43 °C, the exposure time can be halved for every 1 °C rise to provide a similar heating efficiency however, excessive heating should be avoided. The heating device used for hyperthermia should be versatile, comfortable as well capable of exhibiting uniform heating patterns. The applied frequencies may range from 5-500 KHz (Lacroix et al., 2008) while a current of about 100-800A might be sufficient for heating. Studies suggest that enlarged tumour with poor vasculature might be more susceptible to heat treatment (Kim et al., 1982). Hyperthermia has a radiosensitizing effect which can be advantageous in combination with radiotherapy since most radioresistant cells are heat sensitive. Classification of Hyperthermia Direct heating/Extracellular method Heat is applied by means of external sources such as thermostatic water bath, infrared sauna and ultrasound. This approach is limited by the presence of biological barriers which is responsible for insulation. Therefore, excess heat is required to achieve the same which can trigger side effects (burns, bleeding). Indirect heating/Intracellular method – Provides a safer and effective means through the injection of nanoparticles followed by their internalization (Ningthoujam et al., 2012).Ex. Magnetic hyperthermia. Mechanism of Hyperthermia Primarily, hyperthermia induce apoptosis, necrosis or autophagy through multiple pathways to cells (Hurwitz and Stauffer, 2014). Reports suggest that it can deliver a higher amount of oxygen into the hypoxic tumour region through changes in blood perfusion. Generally, tumour cells express lower concentration of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) in comparison to normal cells. Therefore, HSP-peptide complex levels can be increased significantly by the application of hyperthermia, further leading to anti-tumour immunity response (Kobayashi et al., 2014). Magnetic Hyperthermia In order to prevent damage to surrounding healthy tissues from the hyperthermia effect, nanoparticles should be confined to a defined area (tumour region). These are achieved through targeting of nanoparticles by functionalization and application of magnetic fields to specified regions (Baà ±obre-Là ³pez et al., 2013). Metallic magnetic nanoparticles under the influence of oscillating magnetic field undergo a change in magnetic moment attributed to Neel and Brownian fluctuations. These fluctuations are responsible for heat generation through friction, which might be effective in damaging the cancer cells. Limitations of Magnetic Hyperthermia There are technical problems which may act as a barrier towards effective treatment. The two main aspects include uniform heat distribution and desired target temperature (Brusentsova et al., 2005). Treatment might be a failure in case of insufficient thermal dose .There are no well-defined methods used to evaluate the temperature distribution in the target area but, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to generate a temperature profile corresponding to hyperthermia. MRI can also be helpful in tracking the release of drug from a formulation (Tashjian et al., 2008). MRI Contrast Agents In the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) system, most of the magnetic materials (iron based materials) act as T2 contrast agents which give rise to darkened image/negative contrast. Subsequently, this is mode is useful for tracking purpose. However, there are a few disadvantages which limit their usability in clinical settings. Firstly, the dark images accompanied by low signal intensity may often lead to misdiagnosis and secondly, the large magnetic susceptibility can produce MRI artifacts making it increasingly difficult to determine the exact state of the injury or damage. T1 contrast agents (Gadolinium, Manganese) provide a brighter signal, which can be easily observed in the MRI due to their paramagnetic nature which do not disrupt the magnetic homogeneity (Gallo and Long, 2015). Through nanotechnology, it is also possible to simultaneously carry out imaging and drug delivery further, overcoming the limitations posed by the conventional system. 2. Hypothesis/Rationale The paramagnetic Gadolinium exhibits excellent MRI imaging capabilities which can be exploited for several purposes and possesses high magnetic moment. Due to its limited inter-atomic interactions, it is unable produce hyperthermia. We hypothesize that by modifying the properties of gadolinium, it may serve a dual purpose i.e. hyperthermia and imaging. Furthermore, these particles can be tagged with various targeting moieties or loaded with anti-cancer drugs to increase the effectiveness of the therapy. 3. Objectives On the basis of above background, the objectives are as follows. Synthesis and Optimization of Gadolinium-based ferrite nanoparticles. Surface modification of prepared nanoparticles. Folate conjugation to the modified surface coating. Optimization of hyperthermia Characterization and in-vitro studies 4. Plan of work 4.1 Synthesis and Optimization of Gadolinium-based ferrite nanoparticles Gadolinium based ferrite nanoparticles will be synthesised using suitable mechanisms such as chemical co-precipitation method and optimized. 4.2 Surface modification of prepared nanoparticles Surface modification will be carried out by layer by layer (LBL) synthesis. 4.3 Folate conjugation to the modified surface coating Since most cancer cells overexpress folate receptor, folic acid will be conjugated to nanoparticles through amine functionalization. 4.4 Optimization of hyperthermia The process will be optimized by monitoring the parameters affecting it. 4.5 Characterization and in-vitro studies 4.5.1 Characterization The developed nanoparticle will be characterized by the following techniques. Particle size analysis -Zetasizer. Chemical Composition determination-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Structural and Crystalline analysis- X-ray Diffraction pattern. Surface Morphology-Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy. Magnetic Property Testing- Vibrating Sample Magnetometry. 4.5.2 In vitro studies Cytotoxicity studies – MTT Assay will be performed to assess the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of nanoparticles. In-vitro hyperthermia studies with cancer cell lines Cellular uptake studies- Performed using Transmission electron microscopy and Electron Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging studies. 5. Expected Outcomes The developed nanoparticles might exhibit Improved magnetic hyperthermia in comparison to unmodified gadolinium particle. Target localization may be observed through Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 6. Future Prospects Based on in-vitro results in-vivo studies can be performed in animals. This treatment modality can be combined with Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy for better results. 7. References Baà ±obre-Là ³pez, M., Teijeiro, A. Rivas, J. 2013. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia For Cancer Treatment. Reports Of Practical Oncology Radiotherapy, 18, 397-400. Brigger, I., Dubernet, C. Couvreur, P. 2002. Nanoparticles In Cancer Therapy And Diagnosis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, 631-651. Brusentsova, T. N., Brusentsov, N. A., Kuznetsov, V. D. Nikiforov, V. N. 2005. Synthesis And Investigation Of Magnetic Properties Of Gd-Substituted Mn–Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles As A Potential Low-T C Agent For Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia. Journal Of Magnetism And Magnetic Materials, 293, 298-302. Dougherty, T. J., Gomer, C. J., Henderson, B. W., Jori, G., Kessel, D., Korbelik, M., Moan, J. Peng, Q. 1998. Photodynamic Therapy. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute, 90, 889-905. Gallo, J. Long, N. J. 2015. Nanoparticulate Mri Contrast Agents. The Chemistry Of Molecular Imaging, 199-224. Hurwitz, M. Stauffer, P. Hyperthermia, Radiation And Chemotherapy: The Role Of Heat In Multidisciplinary Cancer Care. Seminars In Oncology, 2014. Elsevier, 714-729. Kim, J. H., Hahn, E. W. Ahmed, S. A. 1982. Combination Hyperthermia And Radiation Therapy For Malignant Melanoma. Cancer, 50, 478-482. Kobayashi, T., Kakimi, K., Nakayama, E. Jimbow, K. 2014. Antitumor Immunity By Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia. Nanomedicine, 9, 1715-1726. Lacroix, L. M., Carrey, J. Respaud, M. 2008. A Frequency-Adjustable Electromagnet For Hyperthermia Measurements On Magnetic Nanoparticles. Rev Sci Instrum, 79, 093909. Ningthoujam, R., Vatsa, R., Kumar, A., Pandey, B., Banerjee, S. Tyagi, A. 2012. Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Concepts, Synthesis And Application In Cancer Hyperthermia. Functionalized Materials, 229-260. Pà ©rez-Herrero, E. Fernà ¡ndez-Medarde, A. 2015. Advanced Targeted Therapies In Cancer: Drug Nanocarriers, The Future Of Chemotherapy. European Journal Of Pharmaceutics And Biopharmaceutics, 93, 52-79. Seegenschmiedt, M. Vernon, C. 1995. A Historical Perspective On Hyperthermia In Oncology. 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Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

ï » ¿Introduction    â€Å"Animal Farm† is a symbolical political satire in which animals take the place of humans. These animals can talk and are just as intelligent as humans. They learn to read and each type of animal a different aspect of humanity. (Ex.: Pigs- Politicians; Horses- Laborers; Sheep- Gullible People; etc. ) This book shows how a government that is set up to serve the people turns against them, just like communism did to the Russian people. Animalism symbolizes communism and the characters symbolize Russian leaders and people of importance. This is a tale with no happy ending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pigs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They symbolize politicians in a stereotypical sense. Some of them lie, cheat,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and steal from the animals they are supposed to serve. They make promises   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that are never kept. Propaganda is spread to the animals they are supposed to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   represent. Old Major   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a pig who is very old. He has seen the lifestyle the animals live and is   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   dissatisfied with it. He creates a government ideology called animalism which   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   represents communism. He is the Karl Marx of this world. Napoleon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a large, fierce looking Berkshire boar, who is not much of a talker. He   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   uses animalism only to increase his power and the dogs to terrorize the other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   animals. Napoleon symbolizes the dictator Joseph   Stalin in this world. Snowball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a pig that fights with Napoleon over the power on the farm. He is a very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   energetic, eloquent speaking, brilliant leader who organizes the defense of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   farm. Napoleons jealousness of him makes him try to kill Snowball. Snowball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   flees the area and every misfortune in Animal Farm after that is blamed on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   him. He represents Leon Trotsky in this story. Squealor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a short, fat, twinkle eyed pig who is a brilliant talker. He justifies the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   horrible actions of Napoleon and most of the animals buy into it. He has a sly,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   persuasive air to him. This is why he is head of Napoleon’s propaganda plan.    Boxer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He is a large, very powerful horse who is not too bright. He buys into   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   animalism and works the hardest on the farm. He saves the farm on multiple   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   occasions and declared a national hero. After he gets too sick to work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Napoleon secretly sells him to a glue factory. Boxer symbolizes the hard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   working Russian class that Stalin abused for his own benefit. Mollie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   She is a mare who abandons Animal Farm for sugar and ribbons at the human

Phesant Analysis

Sylvia Plath The poem, , has a theme, which is talking about a complex relationship of Plath. Plath uses pheasant as a symbol for representing her complicating complex. This poem also conveys of realism of nature, which reflects to the reality of a human being. This poem consists of 8 identical stanzas. Each stanza contains 3 lines. It has an irregular rhyme scheme and an imperfect rhyme. Plath starts off the poem directly. The first word of the poem, â€Å"You†, reveals that Plath is having a conversation or a negotiation with someone.The first 2 lines in the poem depict a serious but quiet atmosphere with slight grudges. Thus, Plath has shown a tone of pleading, reflected by the phrase â€Å"Do not kill it†. Then, the poem comes up with a run-on verse. It reveals Plath is emphasizing the idea here. â€Å"The jut of that odd, dark head† obviously is portraying the appearance of a pheasant. It also illustrates that Plath sees a pheasant, whose head is staying upo n the uncut grass, is pacing around. Plath also sets a foil to the peaceful atmosphere by the slow pace of the pheasant.There is a great dichotomy with the first line of the poem. The ambiance has been changed abruptly. The following lines show that Plath is talking with somebody softly, not owing to forgiveness, it is because Plath seems like suffering from hell pain and weak to convey words. â€Å"I am not mystical†, the first line in third stanza, indicates that Plath is connecting to spiritual aspect of thing, perhaps like God. And then, Plath is referring to the pheasant. Plath â€Å"thought it had a spirit† and â€Å"in its element†. The concept of Plath is that the pheasant belongs to the nature, as it is an element of it.Plath implicitly conveys that if the peasant need to end up its life, it should be caused naturally but not by any man-cause. That’s what Plath is halting somebody from killing the pheasant. In the forth stanza, Plath perhaps depi cts that pheasant is a paramount, wonderful creature in Plath’s mindset. â€Å"Kingliness† portrays the pheasant is living proudly in the nature. There are landmarks by the pheasant hither and thither, illustrated by the word phrase â€Å"tail-track†. In addition, the fifth stanza is a resonation of the forth stanza, which emphasize the gorgeous aspect of the pheasant.The word â€Å"wonder† echoes with the word â€Å"kingliness†. Plath also projects that pheasant is unique and special and can stand out to catch her attention among other birds. The â€Å"pallor† of the pheasant is charming and captivating. Afterward, Plath comes up with a question and a statement at the same time. â€Å"Is it its rareness, then? It is rare. † this line reveals the pheasant has occupied an important position of Plath. The sixth stanza is a respond to the fifth stanza. Plath expresses that even there is tons of pheasant; it is still â€Å"a fine thingâ € .The exclamation used highlight Plath’s impression. In the seventh stanza, Plath is complimenting the pheasant. â€Å"Good shape†, â€Å"vivid† are words that praising the pheasant. Thus, Plath uses metaphor to compares pheasant as Zeus, the greatest god in Greece mythology, indicated by the word â€Å"cornucopia†. Thus, the metaphor is followed by a simile, â€Å"brown as a leaf, and loud†. Perhaps Plath is portraying the colour, the size and the movement of the pheasant. In the last stanza, Plath illustrates the pheasant is enjoying under the sunshine â€Å"in the narcissi†.There is a hidden meaning here. The word narcissus appears in the name of a disease, narcissistic personality disorder. Perhaps Plath chooses this plant for precise presentation. And as a result, Plath chooses to â€Å"let be, let be†, reveals that Plath is giving up. Throughout the entire poem, Plath uses pheasant to represent a series of themes, like love, relationship and realism. Perhaps Plath uses the pheasant for presenting herself as a weak woman without any defence. And pheasant is also the one, which is defenceless. It reflects the role of Plath.If Plath is using pheasant as a metaphor to describe she, then the compliments in the poem belongs to her. That means she is praising herself. In Plath’s opinion, she is a precious woman as diamonds that everyone should cherish and treat her well when getting along with her. Plath should be paramount and be complimented all the time and she thinks that she can receive the glory. Unfortunately, things do not go on as Plath anticipated. Plath is pleading someone not to sabotage her relationship and love. If not, Plath will simply possess nothing.On the surface, everything goes logically but owing to the existence of â€Å"narcissi†, we may guess perhaps Plath has been suffering from narcissistic personality disorder. She is psychologically unhealthy and does not possess a c lear mind. She is confused and begins absurd right now. But what we can still predict that Plath has illusions is owing to bad and nasty treatment. In conclusion, the poem pheasant illustrates a serious atmosphere but elegant description on the surface. Implicitly, this poem shows the madness of Plath derive from complex love and relationships and innate human evil – deceiving.

The Model Of Racial Equality - 888 Words

In certainty, the model of racial equality has not always been performed, nor has it been fully accomplished in the world. This is because the acceptance in racial equality has been said to â€Å"counter† deeply rooted beliefs in racial inequality and political, legal, and customary practices of racial discrimination and oppression. Therefore, racial equality is stated in antiracist philosophy and in antiracist political mobilization. With this said, as citizens, are we still equal? The answer to that question is â€Å"no†. The world is living in Orwellian times where citizens are equal, but some citizens are more equal than others. While some agree, there are many groups that are pushing for reform and equality, such as Take Back Our Republic, By The People, and Common Cause: Holding Power Accountable. Now that the facts are said, we must ask â€Å"how did we become so unequal?† Over time, big corporations, racial groups, and corruption in government have been advocating inequality for the minority. Some people are filled with wrong ideas and beliefs that attack those in the minority group, especially people of color. Franklin said, â€Å"almost from the beginning of their national history, people have been relentless, at times ruthless, in their pursuit of equality.† Nearly fifty years ago, Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream’ speech, a clarion call for the end of racial discrimination in the United States. 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